Concepts around nuptiality + phenomena
Nuptiality: marriage rates, divorce rates, rates of cohabitation. |
Marriage rates look at...how society is doing + social change, trends within society, fertility (timing of 1st marriage), concerns about marriage health as a social institution. |
martial states are fluid... people move in and out. |
Divorce Transition 'second transition'
rise in divorce and stabilization of divorce |
changes in economic fortunes of societies |
in post-modern societies tradition has declined in terms of being a guiding principle in people's lives. |
late, marriage, divorce, cohabitation, same-sex unions = shifts away from family values towards individualization. |
Trend in Marriage
worldwide decline in marriage |
more than 1/2 of women in market economies are unmarried at 30. |
growth of single women overtime. - postponement of marriage - rejection of marriage as an ideal, and as an institution. |
marriage is declining in developed countries (began in 1960s) |
Trend in Divorce
worldwide rise in divorce |
liberalization of divorce laws, easier to accomplish in 70s and 80s (women were able to leave bad relationships easier) |
in many countries divorce has stabilized... marriage has been postponed and women are possibly giving more thought to what partner they desire. cohabitation is seen as a 'trial run'. |
Trend in Cohabitation
common-law arrangements |
cohabitation does not always end in marriage |
less stability in relationships - easier to leave |
sociolegal comparisons: in some countries marriage is seen as a contract between individuals and families. |
the 'cohabitation' transition: all countries with experience greater cohabitation prior to marriage in relation with economic considerations |
more births outside of marriage |
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Fertility Terms
Fertility: actual number of children born. |
Fecundity: physiological ability of having babies. |
Sub-fecundity: inability to have babies. (primary - inability to have 1 child) (secondary - inability to have 2nd, 3rd child after at least 1 natural birth) |
fecundity drops as women age (40+) or gradually declines after 20. |
lifetime childlessness = 3-7% |
primary sterility = 0.6-3.4% |
both sterility and sub-fecundity higher in undeveloped countries |
developed countries - sub-fecundity due to delayed childbearing |
Bongaart's proximate determinants of fertility
four important factors of anticipating decrease in fertility |
1. marriage |
2. contraceptive use |
3. induced abortion |
4. breastfeeding |
maximum fertility
max = 15.3 births per woman on average |
rare combinations of conditions |
1. continuous exposure to risk of conception |
2. complete avoidance of any method of contraception |
3. non reliance on abortion, no superimposed risks of marriage |
4. no practice breastfeeding |
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Post-Industrial
1945-1970 |
post-war rebuild |
decolonization |
1973: |
major oil shortage |
several trends "sea change" : aftermath of globalization and new realities for modern migration patterns |
Interwar period
great depression, two wars, strongly depressed international migration |
reasons why... |
storage of ecomnic opportunity |
tightened immigration laws |
Industrial period
receiving nations especially eager for european migrants |
historical high in migration |
push and full factors = factors pushing you out of an area |
Europe's failing rural economies |
Mercantile Period
colonialism: exploitation of workers |
3 types of migrants |
1. argarian = farmers |
2. administrators |
3. artisans = builders |
Prehistoric times
migration has always been done |
influenced by wars, trade, conquest, persecution |
Sociodemogrpahic Factors
overall impact on sex-ratios is not very strong |
more out-migration among those with high educational level (except in major city centres) |
some stream-specific sex rations are high/low |
social 'disorganization': correlations with divorce and crime rates |
modest tendency for men to migrate long distances, so do women |
Zelinsky Mobility Transition theory
pre-modern, transitional |
early transitional |
late transitional |
advanced society |
super-advanced society |
Ravenstien's laws of migration
1. P(migration) is a function of distance. inversely proportional to distance. greater distance= migration to urban areas. |
2. migration of an area is gradual |
3. where there is out-migration, in-migration is also likely |
4. less likely in rural areas |
5. women short, men long distances |
6. technology/infrastructure makes migration more likely |
7. dominance of economic motives |
Migration
movers: people who move, not necessarily migrants |
internal immigrants: in-migrants = moving into a place, out-migrants = leaving Alberta |
international migrants: immigrants = coming into country, emigrants = leaving the country |
non-migrants: transients, change in house but not community, temp. movers |
uniqueness of migration: not biological, repeatable, data-related challenges |
migration: change in place of usual residence from one administrative area to another |
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