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Respiration Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

respiration *for me*

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Process of anaerobic respir­ation

Anaerobic respir­ation includes glycolysis taking place in the cytoplasm and the phosph­ory­lation of glucose.
The phosph­ory­lated hexose splits into two 3 carbon molecules and pyruvate is formed and reduced NAD and ATP are produced.
2 ATPs are produced for each ATP used and pyruvate is converted to lactic acid.
NAD is regene­rated.

The fact of reduced NAD in aerobic respir­ation

The reduced NAD from the glycolysis enters the mitoch­ondria and moves into the inner membrane of the mitoch­ondria.
Reduced NAD becomes oxidised as electrons are transf­erred to the electron transport chain.
The hydrogen ions are pumped into the interm­embrane space and NAD returns to the Krebs cycle.

Why NAD needs to be oxidised in the mitoch­ondria

So that hydrogen can be delivered to the electron transport chain to allow ATPase to regenerate NAD

Role of Krebs Cycle

The Krebs cycle completely oxidises pyruvate to release as much energy as possible for the generation of ATP so that ATP can be produced by oxidative phosph­ory­lation.

Meaning of oxidative phosph­ory­lation

Oxidative phosph­ory­lation is where electrons are passed along an electron transport chain and lose energy at each electron carrier.
One hydrogen is pumped through matrix to the interm­embrane space and an electr­och­emical gradient forms.
Chemio­smosis occurs where protons move back into the matrix via ATPase and oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
 

ATP usage to supply energy for bio proc

The hydrolysis of ATP/bonds releases energy.

Why some ATP is broken down during glycolysis

Because the breakdown of ATP donates phosphate to the glucose.
ATP supplies energy to break down the glucose to produce phosph­ory­lated 3-carbon compounds.

How CH4 affects production of ATP

Carbon monoxide would cause less ATP being produced because the haemog­lobin cannot transport oxygen.
This means that the cells would therefore have no/less final electron acceptor.
 

Structure of mitoch­ondria

The inner membrane of the mitoch­ondria is highly folded into cristae providing the mitcho­ndria a large surface area.
Matrix (inside of the inner membrane of mitoch­ondria) - where Krebs cycle takes place.
Stalked proteins - on the inner membrane of the mitoch­ondria.

Diagram of mitoch­ondria

You need to be aware of what the mitoch­ondria looks like for the exams.

Why cyanide is dangerous

Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase (one of the electron carriers) meaning that it can no longer accept electrons.
The electrons would then stop moving along the electron transport chain so there would be no movement of hydrogen ions into the interm­embrane space.
There would also be no chemio­smosis occurring.
The coenzymes NADH/FADH cannot give up electrons and regenerate NAD/FAD so the Kreb cycle would stop.
There would be no cellular processes occurring like for example heart muscles would no longer receive oxygen causing death.

Electron carriers

1. cytochomes — protein pigments with an iron group — ATP produced
2. cytochrome oxidase — receives the electrons from cytoch­romes — ATP produced
3. oxygen — final hydrogen and electron acceptor in the chain — water formed here
Note: You need to have an awareness about these names, you do not need to know them for the exam.