This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Non - Medalian
Codominance - 2 alleles are both dominant and get paired up so they both work together. Ex: Red and White flowers make a red and white splotched flower |
Incomplete Dominance - 2 alleles both dominant get paired up and "blend" together. Work as one. Ex: Red and White flower make a Pink flower. |
Pleatropy - one single allele affects multiple traits. Ex: sickle cell anemia, it affects many characteristics. |
Epistasis - whenever one allele affects another allele. Ex: mice, colored trait and dark/light trait so you can get Black with light or White with dark, etc., as offspring. Consists of dyhybrid crosses. |
Polygenic Inheritence - additive affect of genes on a single trait on a continum. Ex: Height. A continum happens on a bell curve. Two parents traits will come together and pick height about same as their own. |
Sex Linked - a gene that is located on a sex chromosome, generally on X chromosomes, dieseases will be carried on these X chromosomes. Ex: color blindness, it effects males more than females because females have an extra X chromosome that will take place of effected X and males don't have the extra X to take it's place. |
Gene linkage - genes are on the same chromosome. Ex : freckles and red hair. |
Non- Disjunction (not non-medalian, own categorie) - Whenever chromosomes don't split equally among the cell. Ex: downsyndrome, you will have 3 chromosomes instead of 2. Many time non-disjunction have to do with sex chromosomes. |
Mendalian
Law of segregation - Alleles that seperate during meiosis. |
Law of independent assortment - states chromosomes can line up anyway they want to. |
Two capital letters - Homozygous Dominant |
One capital letter and one lowercase letter - Heterozygous |
Two lowercase letters - Homozygous recessive |
Capital Letter - Dominant |
Lowercase Letter - Recessive |
Monohybrid - 4 Offspring |
Dyhybrid - 16 Offspring |
Dyhyrid phenotype Ratio. Homozygous dominant : heterozygous : heterozygous : homozygous recessive |
Dyhybrid genotype ratio: each genotype to the others ex: 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 |
monohybrid genotype ratio. homozygous dominant : heterozygous : homozygous recessive |
monohybrid phenotype ratio. Dominant showing traits: recessive showing traits |
Pedigrees
Pedigree - how you trace diesease in your family |
There are three types of pedigrees |
Autosomal recessive - 2 normal parents. If you have two affected parents you can't have a kid who won't have the gene/diesease |
Autosomal dominant - Every generation has the diesease. At least one parent has it. |
sex-linked recessive - Never go from one generation to the next ( always skips a generation ). Normally seen in males. |
Squares = Males , Circles = Females |
Blood Types
Blood types have 3 alleles |
A type , B type , and O type |
Possible blood types: A+, A-,B+,B-,AB+,AB-,O+,O- |
AB are codominant. A and B are both dominant alleles |
O = recessive |
You can't get other letter blood due to antigens |
antigens are located on red blood cells |
plasma is where the antibodies are located |
antibodies fight the antigens |
O blood doesn't have antigens so that's why it's the universal giver. No antigens for A or B antibodies to pick up and clot |
AB is the universal acceptor because it has both A and B antigens and O doesnt have any antigens |
A can give to A and AB |
B can give to A and AB |
AB can't give to anyone |
O can give to O , A , B , and AB |
Rh factor is a protein we have in common with rhesus monkeys which proves generic background. |
If you are blood type + you have the Rh factor |
If you are blood type - you don't have the Rh factor |
- can give to - and + |
+ can give to + but not to - |
wrong blood always resluts in blood clotting |
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