dental caries |
erosion of teeth; can result in holes/pits in teeth/tooth loss |
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bacteria produce dextran (sticky sugar) |
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plaques metabolize dextran |
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bacteria invades dentin and pulp (eroding teeth) |
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decades enamel, then dentin, then pulp |
periodontal disease |
inflammation of surrounding tissues (gingiva= gums) |
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tartar trapped |
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anaerobic pockets- porphyromonas gingivalis (acute necrorizing ulcerative gingivitis) |
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teeth loosen and fall out |
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enzymes are produced causing pigmented, eroding and change of colour in gums |
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1 healthy gingivae 2 gingivitis 3 periodontal pockets 4 periodontitis |
peptic ulcers |
abdominal pain - erosion of stomach or duodenum lining |
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perforations- internal bleeding, bowel obstruction (could lead to shock) |
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1 bacteria invade mucus and attach to gastric epithelial cells |
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2 helicobacter, its toxins, and inflammation cause the layer of mucus to become thin |
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3 gastric acid destroys epithelial cells and underlying tissues |
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antibiotics and acid-inhibiting drugs, or acid reduced diet |
bacterial gastroenteritis |
diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, cramps, kidney failure, anemia, dysentery- ulceration or bleeding of intestinal wall. |
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can be caused by: poorly prepared foods, contaminated water, poor sanitation conditions |
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treated by self-administered, electrolytes, antidiarhheal drugs <- not good choice keeps everything in body |
cholera |
vibro cholerae |
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loss of electrolytes |
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rice-water stool (contains mucus), dehydration, hypokalemia, hypovolemic shock |
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supportive care- replacing fluids |
shigellosis |
shigella |
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shigella enters epithelial cell lining intestinal tract |
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shigella multiplies inside cell |
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shigella invades neighbouring epithelial cells thus avoiding immune defenses (shiga toxins released) |
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an abscess forms as epithelial cells are killed by the infection. The bacteria rarely spread in the blood stream |
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treated antibiotics if necessary |
traveler's diarrhea |
escherichia coli- a cloiform |
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virulent genes:; fimbrae, adhesins, toxins |
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numerous antigens: O<- found on cell, K <- found on capsule, H<- found on flagella |
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dangerous strain: E. coli O157:H7 (binds to neutrophils) |
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loss of fluids + electrolytes |
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attachments to intestinal cells + rids good E. coli |
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treatment replace lost fluids.. avoid antidiarrheal drugs |
campylobacter diarrhea |
campylobacter jejuni |
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improper cooked poultry |
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colonizes jejunum, ileum, colon |
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adhesins, cytotoxins, lipid A |
antimicrobial-associated diarrhea |
Clostridium difficile |
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5-10 bowel movements a day |
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severe diarrhea + inflammation, colon lesions= pseudomembranous colitis |
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Toxin A: breaks junctions of mucous membranes |
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Toxin B: kills colon cells |
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treatments: metronidazole, vancomycin, eat probiotics fecal transplant |
salmonellosis and typhoid fever |
Salmonella enterica |
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salmonellosis- surface of egg shell |
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typhoid fever- blood stream infection spreads |
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1 salmonella attaches to epithelial cells lining the sm. intestine |
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2 salmonella triggers endocytosis |
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3 salmonella multiplies within food vesicle |
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4 salmonella kills host cell, inducing fever, cramps, and diarrhea |
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5 bacteremia: salmonella moves into bloodstream |
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treat with antibiotics |
bacterial food poisoning |
intoxication (enterotoxin) |
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symptoms depend on toxin (5 different toxins of staphylococcus aureus) |
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1-6 hours after food eaten intoxication occurs |
mumps |
mumps virus, Rubulavirus genus |
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inflammation, swollen glands, fever |
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parotitis- inflammation of parotid gland |
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treated w/ comfort care |
viral gastroenteritis |
consuming fo contaminated food |
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symptoms 24hrs after consumption |
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cramping, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, complications rare |
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resolve after 1 week |
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fecal-oral route |
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common agents: calcivirus (norovirus). astrovirus, rotavirus <- most severe vaccine for it |
viral hepatitis |
inflammation of liver |
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jaundice, abdominal pain, abnormal urine and stool |
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eventual coma |
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chronic infection = cirrhosis (scarring of liver), liver failure, liver cancer |
