Developmental Research Design
Cross-sectional: |
Evaluate the same group at one. Fastest, but subject to bias due to cohort effects. |
Longitudinal |
Evaluation of a group over time, often decades. Most comprehensive, but it takes time and very expensive. |
Sequential |
Evaluates across different ages at the same point in time to compare age effects. |
In summary, cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs each have their strengths and weaknesses. Each can be used to investigate different research questions.
Nature VS. Nurture
Nature View |
Humans are biologically programmed to develop language, as part of their natural development. |
Nurture View |
Language is acquired by means of interaction with the environment, through a process of limitation and reinforcement. |
Theory of Language Development |
Theories of language development seek to explain how humans acquire language, and there are two major perspectives in this field: nature versus nurture. |
Language Acquisition Device (LAD) |
A built-in tool in our brains that helps us quickly and easily learn language. It already has a basic set of rules for all languages, so no matter what language we hear, we can pick it up and understand it. |
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis |
Language influences how we think and perceive reality. |
Language acquisition device (LAD) - Noam Chomsky
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis - Benjamin Whorf
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Approach
System |
Description |
Examples |
Microsystem |
Everyday environment |
family, peers, school, work, etc. |
Mesosystem |
Connections between environments |
a child’s parents meet with his teacher |
Exosystem |
Indirect environment |
a child is indirectly affected by their parent's workplace through its impact on the parent. |
Macrosystem |
Social and cultural values |
laws, customs, religion, politics, etc. |
Chronosystem |
Environment changes that occur over the life course |
having kids, moving, economic growth or war |
Acronym: My (Micro-me) Mom (Meso) Eats (Indirect) Mac (Macro) & Cheese (Chrono)
Factors for Healthy Development
Genotype VS. Phenotype
Genotype |
INSIDE |
The genetic makeup of the person (e.g., DNA) |
Phenotype |
OUTSIDE |
Observable physical and behavioral characteristics |
genotype = genetic code
phenotype = physical expression of that code
Critical VS. Sensitive Periods
Critical Periods |
Limited time periods when certain experiences are necessary for the proper development |
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if the experience is missed, the ability or trait may never develop |
Sensitive Periods |
Important and flexible periods when the brain is more receptive to experiences |
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can still have a significant impact on development, however catch up is possible |
Genetic Disorders
Down’s Syndrome |
Tay Sachs Disease |
Phenylketonuria (PKU) |
Sickle Cell Anemia |
Cystic Fibrosis |
Klinefelter’s syndrome |
Turner’s syndrome |
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
Impact of Teratogens
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
Turner Syndrome |
Sexual Dimorphism
Embryonic development |
Physical difference |
Behavioral Difference |
Why its important |
Temperament (Thomas & Chess)
Why temperament is important / outcomes in life |
Easy Temperament |
Difficult Temperament |
Slow to Warm-Up Infants |
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Sociocultural Theory
Zone of proximal development |
Scaffolding |
Intellectual Development |
Vygotsky and scaffolding |
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Sociocultural Theory
Zone of proximal development |
Scaffolding |
Intellectual Development |
Vygotsky and scaffolding |
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor |
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Object permanence |
Preoperational |
Concrete Operational |
Formal Operational |
Piaget's Developmental Theory of Knowledge
Centration |
Assimilation |
Accommodation |
Decalage |
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Assimilation vs. Accommodation |
The purpose of play in children
Social Play
Solitary Play |
Parallel Play |
Associative Play |
Cooperative Play |
Piaget Four types of play
functional play |
constructive play |
Imaginative |
Formal |
functional play, constructive play, symbolic/fantasy play, and games with rules
Cognitive flexibility in bilingual children
Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development
Level 1 |
Transition |
Level 2 |
Transition |
Level 3 |
Gilligan’s theory of female development. (Self in relation model)
Kohlberg's theory of moral development
Preconventional |
Conventional |
Postconventional |
Psychosocial Development
Freud vs Erickson’s stages at the same age
James Marcia’s Identity Theory
Identity Achievement |
Identity Foreclosure |
Identity Moratorium |
Identity Diffusion |
James Marcia’s identity states or statuses for adolescents
Mahler: Separation-Individuation Theory
Stage 1 |
Stage 2 |
Stage 3 |
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Differentiation |
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Practicing |
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Rapprochement |
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Object Constancy |
Ainsworth Strange Situation
Secure |
Avoidant |
Ambivalent |
Disorganized |
Imprinting & Social Bonds
Parenting Styles
Authoritarian |
Permissive |
Authoritative |
Uninvolved |
Reaction of Neglected Children
differs – socially disinhibited
Adler’s Theory Related to Child Misbehavior
Key Concepts: |
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Inferiority Complex |
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Natural Consequences |
Treatment |
Inferiority and compensation |
Striving for Belonging |
Mistaken Goals |
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Attention Seeking |
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Power Seeking |
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Revenge Seeking |
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Display of Inadequacy |
Bandura's Theory to Related to Child Misbehavior
Observational (vicarious learning) |
Bobo Doll Experiment |
Guided Behavioral Rehearsal (Coaching) |
Patterson’s Theory of Delinquent Behavior
Predictors of Adolescent Alcohol Use
Peer Influence |
Family History |
Parental Monitoring |
Early Onset of Alcohol |
Mental Health Issues |
Availability & Access to Alcohol |
Parental or Peer Belief About Alcohol use |
Predictors of Adolescent Alcohol Use
Peer Influence |
Family History |
Parental Monitoring |
Early Onset of Alcohol |
Mental Health Issues |
Availability & Access to Alcohol |
Parental or Peer Belief About Alcohol use |
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Theorists
Albert Bandura |
Kubler Ross |
Gerald Patterson |
James Marcia |
Lawrence Kohlberg |
Carol Gilligan |
Sigmund Freud |
Alfred Adler |
Mary Ainsworth |
Margaret Mahler |
Konrad Lorenz |
John Bowlby |
Jean Piaget |
Lev Vygotsky |
Thomas & Chess |
Urie Bronfenbrenner |
Benjamin Whorf |
Noam Chomsky |
Erick Erickson |
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