Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
SYMPTOMS:
1. Sound and syllable repetitions.
2. Sound prolongations of consonants as well as vowels.
3. Broken words (e.g., pauses within a word).
4. Audible or silent blocking (filled or unfilled pauses in speech).
5. Circumlocutions (word substitutions to avoid problematic words).
6. Words produced with an excess of physical tension.
7. Monosyllabic whole-word repetitions (e.g., "I-1-l-l see him").
8. The disturbance causes anxiety about speaking or limitations in effective communica-
tion, social participation, or academic or occupational performance, individually or in
any combination.
9. The disturbance is not attributable to a speech-motor or sensory deficit, dysfluency as-
sociated with neurological insult (e.g., stroke, tumor, trauma), or another medical con-
dition and is not better explained by another mental disorder. |
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Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
SYMPTOMS:
1. Persistent difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication as manifested by all.
2. Deficits in using communication for social purposes, such as greeting and sharing
information, in a manner that is appropriate for the social context.
3. Impairment of the ability to change communication to match context or the needs of
the listener, such as speaking differently in a classroom than on a playground, talk-
ing differently to a child than to an adult, and avoiding use of overly formal language.
4. Difficulties following rules for conversation and storytelling, such as taking turns in
conversation, rephrasing when misunderstood, and knowing how to use verbal and
nonverbal signals to regulate interaction.
5. Difficulties understanding what is not explicitly stated (e.g., making inferences) and
nonliteral or ambiguous meanings of language (e.g., idioms, humor, metaphors,
multiple meanings that depend on the context for interpretation).
6. The deficits result in functional limitations in effective communication, social participa-
tion, social relationships, academic achievement, or occupational performance, indi-
vidually or in combination.
7. The onset of the symptoms is in the early developmental period (but deficits may not
become fully manifest until social communication demands exceed limited capacities).
8. The symptoms are not attributable to another medical or neurological condition or to low
abilities in the domains of word structure and grammar, and are not better explained by
autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder),
global developmental delay, or another mental disorder. |
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Autism Spectrum Disorder
SYMPTOMS:
1. A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple con-
texts, as manifested by the following, currently or by history (examples are illustrative,
not exhaustive; see text):
2. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, ranging, for example, from abnormal social
approach and failure of normal back-and-forth conversation; to reduced sharing of
interests, emotions, or affect; to failure to initiate or respond to social interactions.
3. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, ranging,
for example, from poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication; to abnor
malities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understanding and use of
gestures; to a total lack of facial expressions and nonverbal communication.
4. Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships, ranging, for ex-
ample, from difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social contexts; to difficulties
in sharing imaginative play or in making friends; to absence of interest in peers.
5. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at
least two of the following, currently or by history
6. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech (e.g., simple
motor stereotypies, lining up toys or flipping objects, echolalia, idiosyncratic
phrases).
7. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of
verbal or nonverbal behavior (e.g., extreme distress at small changes, difficulties
with transitions, rigid thinking patterns, greeting rituals, need to take same route or
eat same food every day).
8. Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus (e.g.,
strong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects, excessively circum-
scribed or persevere interests).
9. Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of
the environment (e.g., apparent indifference to pain/temperature, adverse re-
sponse to specific sounds or textures, excessive smelling or touching of objects,
visual fascination with lights or movement).
10. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not become
fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities, or may be masked by
learned strategies in later life).
11. Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning.
12. These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual disability (intellectual devel-
opmental disorder) or global developmental delay. Intellectual disability and autism
spectrum disorder frequently co-occur; to make comorbid diagnoses of autism spec-
trum disorder and intellectual disability, social communication should be below that ex
pected for general developmental level. |
Specify if:
With or without accompanying intellectual impairment
With or without accompanying language impairment
Associated with a known medical or genetic condition or environmental factor
(Coding note: Use additional code to identify the associated medical or genetic condition.)
Associated with another neurodevelopmental, mental, or behavioral disorder
(Coding note: Use additional code[s] to identify the associated neurodevelopmental,
mental, or behavioral disorder[s].
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
SYMPTOMS:
- A persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with
functioning or development, as characterized by (1) and/or (2):
1. Inattention: Six (or more) of the following symptoms have persisted for at least
6 months to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and that negatively impacts directly on social and academic/occupational activities:
a. Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in
schoolwork, at work, or during other activities (e.g., overlooks or misses details,
work is inaccurate).
b. Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities (e.g., has difficulty remaining focused during lectures, conversations, or lengthy reading).
c. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly (e.g., mind seems else-
where, even in the absence of any obvious distraction).
d. Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork,
chores, or duties in the workplace (e.g., starts tasks but quickly loses focus and
is easily sidetracked).
e. Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities (e.g., difficulty managing sequential tasks; difficulty keeping materials and belongings in order; messy, disorganized work; has poor time management; fails to meet deadlines).
f. Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained
mental effort (e.g., schoolwork or homework; for older adolescents and adults,
preparing reports, completing forms, reviewing lengthy papers).
g. Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., school materials, pencils, books, tools, wallets, keys, paperwork, eyeglasses, mobile telephones).
h. Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli (for older adolescents and adults, may include unrelated thoughts).
i. Is often forgetful in daily activities (e.g., doing chores, running errands; for older adolescents and adults, returning calls, paying bills, keeping appointments).
2. Hyperactivity and impulsivity: Six (or more) of the following symptoms have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and that negatively impacts directly on social and academic/occupational activities:
a. Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat.
b. Often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expected (e.g., leaves
his or her place in the classroom, in the office or other workplace, or in other
situations that require remaining in place).
c. Often runs about or climbs in situations where it is inappropriate. (Note: In adolescents or adults, may be limited to feeling restless.)
d. Often unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly.
e. Is often "on the go," acting as if "driven by a motor" (e.g., is unable to be or uncomfortable being still for extended time, as in restaurants, meetings; may be experienced by others as being restless or difficult to keep up with).
f. Often talks excessively.
g. Often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed (e.g., completes people's sentences; cannot wait for turn in conversation).
h. Often has difficulty waiting his or her turn (e.g., while waiting in line).
i. Often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations, games, or activities; may start using other people's things without asking or receiving permission; for adolescents and adults, may intrude into or take over what others
are doing).
B. Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present prior to age
12 years.
C. Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are present in two or more set-
tings (e.g., at home, school, or work; with friends or relatives; in other activities).
D. There is clear evidence that the symptoms interfere with, or reduce the quality of, social, academic, or occupational functioning.
E. The symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or another
psychotic disorder and are not better explained by another mental disorder (e.g., mood
disorder, anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder, personality disorder, substance intoxcation or withdrawal). |
For (1): Note: The symptoms are not solely a manifestation of oppositional behavior, defi-
ance, hostility, or failure to understand tasks or instructions. For older adolescents
and adults (age 17 and older), at least five symptoms are required.
For (2)Note: The symptoms are not solely a manifestation of oppositional behavior, defi-
ance, hostility, or a failure to understand tasks or instructions. For older adolescents
and adults (age 17 and older), at least five symptoms are required.
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