Organelles
Ribosomes = synthesize proteins; made of rRNA |
Rough ER = compartmentalize cell and modify proteins synthesized by ribosomes |
Smooth ER = detoxification of drugs, store calcium ions, and lipid production |
Golgi Complex = package and fold proteins coming from ER; synthesize lysosomes |
Mitochondria = ATP production for cellular respiration; contain double membrane; inner foldings are called cristae |
Lysosomes = break down waste; digest food by using phagocytosis or engulfing nutrients to digest them with enzymes |
Vacuole = water storage |
Chloroplast = photosynthesis |
Centrioles = small, paired cylindrical structures during cellular division, only in animal cells |
Facilitated Diffusion
passive transport that does not require energy |
concentration gradient = particles move from highly concentrated area of particles to less concentrated area |
channel proteins = hydrophilic passage for molecules to avoid hydrophobic core; ex: aquaporins |
carrier proteins = slower than channel proteins; alter shape to transport hydrophilic molecules |
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Cell Size
the greater the SA/V ratio, the more efficient the cell is |
Tonicity
hypertonic solution = more solute than inside of cell; water rush OUT OF CELL (hyper run outside); plasmolyze |
hypotonic solution = less solute than inside of cell; water rushes INTO CELL (optimal for plants); turgid |
osmoregulation = cells can regulate their solute concentrations, maintain water balance, allows organisms to control their internal environment |
water potential = tendency for water to move in one direction to another (water will flow from areas of high water potential to low) (high pressure to low) (low solute to areas of high solute) |
osmosis = high water potential to low water potential |
isotonic = same; flaccid |
prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
prokaryotes (bacteria): cytoplasm, nucleoid (circular DNA), cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, flagella (movement), capsule outside of membrane |
eukaryotes (fungi, protists, plants) : nucleus, nucleolus, only plasma membrane, membrane-bound organelles |
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Cell Membrane
small non polar molecules (N2, O2, CO2) can pass membrane easily, but larger polar molecules and ions cannot pass hydrophobic region alone |
aquaporins = channel protein for water |
channel proteins = a channel for smaller molecules like ions |
carrier proteins = for larger molecules like glucose; once it enters inside, it spins to the other side of membrane |
glycoproteins and glycolipids help with cell signaling and the attachment of the cell to other structures |
hydrophobic fatty acid tails repel charged and polar molecules |
cell compartmentalization
eukaryotes compartmentalize their internal processes in membrane-bound organelles; much more efficient |
eukaryotic cells = RNA is made from DNA, RNA moves out of nucleus to ribosome or ER |
prokaryotic cells = RNA is made from DNA, RNA is immediately converted into a protein because there is no nucleus or ER |
endosymbiotic theory
how eukaryotic cells evolved form prokaryotic cells? |
early ancestor of eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell, and the prokaryotic cell became an endosymbiont (a cell living in another cell) which was the mitochondria and chloroplast |
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Transport
simple diffusion = passive; small non-polar molecules with concentration gradient |
facilitated diffusion = passive; small polar molecules and ions with concentration gradient; transport protein needed |
osmosis = facilitate diffusion of water |
active transport = energy needed; bulky molecules traveling against concentration gradient |
endocytosis = taking bulk material INTO cell |
three types of endocytosis: |
1. phagocytosis = cell engulfs large molecule, brings into cell, becomes food vacuole (phagosome) |
2. pinocytosis = cell engulfs small solutes, bring into cell, becomes vesicles |
3. receptor-mediated endocytosis = receptor binds to cell. when solutes bind to receptor, forms vesicle that will bind to lysosome until solutes are digested |
exocytosis = taking bulk material OUT OF cell; transport vesicle from golgi apparatus will fuse with membrane and release its contents outside of cell |
plant cell vs animal cell
plants: cell wall, central vacuole, plasmodesmata, chloroplast |
animals : lysosomes, centrosomes, flagella |
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