Cheatography
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Chemical reactions involving haloalkane / Alkyl halides
This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Synthesis : Halogenation of Alkanes
Reagent |
Cl₂ / Br₂ |
Condition |
heat / UV light |
Mechanism |
free radical substitution |
Equation |
CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl |
Synthesis : Hydrohalogenation of Alkenes
also known as |
Addition of hydrogen halides |
Reagent |
HCl / HBr / HI |
Equation |
CH₃CH₂CH=CH₂ + HCl → CH₃CH₂CHCl-CH₃ |
| |
(every product must be shown) |
|
follow Markovnikov's rule : halogen added to doubly bonded carbon atom attached to the least H atoms
Dehydrohalogenation
Reagent |
NaOH / KOH |
Condition |
ethanol, reflux |
Mechanism |
Elimination Reaction |
Equation |
haloalkane + NaOH → alkene |
| |
(every product must be shown) |
follow Zaitsev rule : doubly bonded carbon atom in alkenes bonded to the most number of alkyl groups is major products
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Synthesis : Halogenation of Alkenes
Reagent |
Cl₂ / Br₂ |
Condition |
CCl₄ |
Equation |
CH₃CH=CHCH₃ + Cl₂ → CH₃CHCl-CHClCH₃ |
Hydrolysis
Reagent |
aqueous NaOH / KOH |
Condition |
boiling |
Mechanism |
Nucleophilic Substitution |
Equation |
haloalkanes + NaOH → alcohol + NaCl |
|
for carbons bonded to 2 halogens |
Equation |
CH₃CHCl₂ + NaOH → CH₃CH(OH)₂ |
| |
CH₃CH(OH)₂ → CH₃CH=O (loss of water) |
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