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Living Systems Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

atoms-molecules-cells-tissue-organs-organ systems-organism

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Elemental Compos­ition of Human Body

Atom
Percentage in the Body
Oxygen
65
Carbon
18
Hydrogen
9.5
Nitrogen
3.2
Calcium
1.5
Phosphorus
1.2
Potassium
0.4
Sulfur
0.2
Sodium
0.2
Chlorine
0.2
Magnesium
0.1
trace elements are boron (B), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), fluorine (F), iodine (I), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), tin (Sn), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn)

Charac­ter­istics of Living Things

all living things...
are made up of one or more cells
they require an energy source
grow and change over time
reproduce by making copies of themselves or by having offspring
respond to changes in their enviro­nment

Monomers & Polymers

 
 

Molecules in the Body

Molecule
Molecular Formula
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
Water
H2O
Glucose
C6H12O6
Adenosine Tripho­sphate (ATP)
C10H16­N5O13P3
Amino acids

Properties of Water

water is polar; hydrogen ( + ) and oxygen ( - )
hydrogen bonding
water is an excellent solvent "­uni­versal solven­t"
cohesion (tendency of water to stick to itself)
adhesion (tendency of water to sticks to other substa­nces)
high specific heat
hydrop­hilic (water loving) and hydrop­hobic (water fearing)
states of water: gas, liquid, solid
pH (power of hydrogen) indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Endoth­ermic Reactions

"­end­o" means inside. In an endoth­ermic reaction, energy is used as an input
-heat is absorbed by reactions to create the produc­ts-the surrou­ndings become colder
-reactants are lower in energy than the products
-these reactions in living systems are called anabolic reacti­ons­-bu­ilding bigger molecules from smaller ones Ex: amino acids into proteins
  

Eukaryote v Prokaryote

Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Ex: animal, plant, fungus, protists
Ex: bacteria, archaea
DNA is stored within the nucleus
lacks distinct nucleus; DNA floats freely within cell
membrane bound organelles
no organelles
both prokar­yotes and eukaryotes contain cell membranes, DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasm

Properties of Carbon

found in living things
forms up to four bonds (usually bonding with C, H, O, N, and P)
forms single, double, and triple bonds
forms long chains and ringed structures
primary component in Macrom­ole­cules: lipids, proteins, carboh­ydr­ates, and nucleic acids

Exothermic Reactions

"­exo­" means outside. In an exothermic reactions, energy is an output
-heat is released so the surrou­ndings become hotter
-products are lower in energy than the reactants
-these reactions in living organisms are called catabolic reacti­ons­-mo­lecules are broken down to release energy Ex: glucose into energy