Arithmetic Operators
x + y |
Addition, adds x to y |
x - y |
Substraction, substract y from x |
x / y |
Division, divide x by y |
x * y |
Multiplication, multiply x by y |
x // y |
Floor division, division operation that returns the largest integer that is less than or equal to the result of the division |
x % y |
Modulo, find the remainder after dividing x by y (26 % 5 = 1)) |
x**y |
Exponentiation, calculate a x to the power of y |
Comparison Operators
x == y |
is x equal to y? |
x != y |
is x not equal to y? |
x > y |
is x greater than y? |
x < y |
is x lower than y? |
x >= y |
is x greater than or equal to y? |
x <= y |
is x lower than or equal to y? |
Logical Operators
not |
opposite Boolean value |
and |
both Boolean value must be True |
or |
at least one Boolean value must be True |
Membership Operators
substring in my_string |
checks if substring appears in my_string |
Snippets - Strings
# Slicing - variable[start:stop:step]
my_text = "abcdefgh"
print(my_text[3:6]) # Output: "def"
print(my_text[3:6:2]) # Output: "df"
print(my_text[::]) # Output: "abcdefgh"
print(my_text[::-1]) # Output: "hgfedcba"
# Concatenation
my_text = "Hello" + " " + "World"
really_happy = "I am happy" + "!" * 5
# Formatting
name = "Alice"
age = 25
print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.") # Output: "My name is Alice and I am 25 years old."
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String operations
len(s) |
Returns length of s |
s.count(substring) |
Returns how many times substring appears in s |
s.find(substring) |
Returns the index of the first occurence of substring in s, or -1 if not found |
s.lower() |
Returns s with all characters to lowercase |
s.upper() |
Returns s with all characters to uppercase |
s.strip() |
Returns s with leading and trailing whitespace removed |
s.capitalize() |
Returns s with the first letter capitalized |
s.replace(old, new) |
Returns a string in which occurences of old in s are replaced by new |
s.split(delimiter) |
Returns a list by splitting s when a delimiter |
separator.join(text1, text2, ..., textn) |
Returns elements of an iterable into a single string with a separator string |
s.startswith(prefix) |
returns True if s starts with the specified prefix |
s.endswith(suffix) |
returns True if s ends with the specified suffix |
s.isalpha() |
returns True if all characters in s are alphabetic |
s.isalphanum() |
returns True if all characters in s are alphanumeric |
s.isdigit() |
returns True if all characters in s are digits |
Data Types
int |
scalar |
Integer, represent a number from -2'147'483'648 to 2'147'483'647 |
float |
scalar |
Float, represent a floating point number |
bool |
scalar |
Boolean, represent either True or False |
None |
scalar |
NoneType, represent an empty object |
str |
non-scalar |
String, represent a chain of characters |
tuple |
non-scalar |
Tuple, represent an immutable and ordered collection of data |
Snippets - Loops
# for - range(start, stop, step)
for i in range(10):
print(i) # Output: "0", "1", ..., "9"
# for - in
my_text = "parse"
for c in my_text:
print(c) # Output: "p", "a", "r", "s", "e"
# while
continue = True
i = 0
while(continue):
if i >= 3:
continue = False
else:
print(i) # Output: "0", "1", "2"
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