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Humidity and rainfall Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

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This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Introd­uction and Evapor­ation

Concepts: [{Optical illusions (rainb­ows)}], [{Prec­ipi­tat­ion}], [{Water vapour}], [{Heated intens­ely}], [{Evap­oration (trans­for­mation proces­s)}]. Humidity Defini­tion: [{Amount of water vapour or moisture in the air}]. Variat­ions: [{Zero in deserts}], [{Up to 4% in rainfo­res­ts/­coastal areas}]. Physical Effect: [{High humidity = sweat doesn't evapor­ate­/st­icky}], [{Low humidity = skin feels dry/lips chapped}]. Measur­ement: Absolute Humidity: [{Amount of water vapour in a unit volume of air}], [{Expr­essed in kilograms per cubic metre}]. Relative Humidity (RH): [{Ratio of water vapour present vs. total capaci­ty}], [{Measure of dryness or moistu­re}], [{Expr­essed as a percen­tage}]. Formula: [{ (Amount of WV / Total capacity WV1) x 100 }]. * Temper­ature Relation: [{Colder air holds less water}], [{Maximum limit = Dew point}], [{Cond­ens­ation begins below dew point}].
 

conden­sation etc

Conden­sation Defini­tion: [{Change of water vapour to liquid (water) or solid (ice)}]. Process: [{Mois­tur­e-laden air contacts a cold surface}], [{Atmo­sphere must be fully satura­ted}]. Surface Requir­ement: [{Blade of grass}], [{Wind­ow}], [{Dust particles in the atmosp­here}]. Forms of Conden­sation: Dew: [{Temp­erature above 0°C}], [{Water droplets on surfac­es}]. Frost: [{Temp­erature below 0°C}]. Mist and Fog: [{Cooling of a larger layer of air near the ground}]. Clouds Defini­tion: [{Floating masses of super-­cooled water droplets and ice crysta­ls}]. Types of Clouds: Cirrus: [{Thin, wispy}], [{Streak across the sky}], [{High altitu­de}], [{Made of ice crysta­ls}]. Stratus: [{Low-­lyi­ng}], [{Large grey sheets}], [{Covering the entire sky}]. Cumulus: [{Massive, billow­ing}], [{Extend to great altitu­des}], [{Towering thunde­rstorm clouds (Cumul­oni­mbu­s)}]. Precip­itation Defini­tion: [{Water vapour becomes more than air capaci­ty}], [{Cond­ensed droplets fall to Earth}]. Forms of Precip­ita­tion: Snow: [{Directly into ice}], [{Temp­era­tures so low water vapour doesn't turn to liquid}], [{Snow­fla­kes}], [{Snow drifts}]. Hailst­ones: [{Ice pellets}], [{Too large/­heavy for winds to carry}], [{Fall from cumulus clouds}], [{Repeated updrafts of air}]. Rain: [{Most important form}], [{Showers (short period)}], [{Drizzles (small, fine drople­ts)}], [{Sleet (rain mixed with snow)}]. Import­ance: [{Major source of fresh water}], [{Esse­ntial for surviv­al}], [{Inun­dat­ion­/fl­ooding (heavy rain)}], [{Droughts (lack of rain)}]. Measur­ement: [{Rain gauge}], [{Disd­rom­eter}], [{Rain­water harvesting (perco­lation pits)}].
 

Types of Rainfall

1. Convec­tional Rainfall * Process: [{Equa­torial and tropical climat­es}], [{Intense heating of Earth's surface}], [{Air becomes less dense and rises}], [{Cooling of rising air}], [{Cond­ens­ation occurs}], [{Cumu­lon­imbus clouds}], [{Huge downpo­ur}].
2. Orographic Rainfall (Relief Rainfall) Process: [{Caused by the relief or orography of the land}], [{Mois­tur­e-laden winds encounter mounta­ins­/hi­lls}], [{Forced to rise along the slope}], [{Cooling and conden­sat­ion}], [{Heavy rain on windward side}]. In India: [{Western Ghats}], [{Hima­layan foothi­lls}], [{Monsoon rains}]. Rain Shadow Regions: [{Leeward side of mounta­ins}], [{Air descends and becomes drier}], [{Coim­batore gets less rain}].
3. Cyclonic or Frontal Rainfall Process: [{Tropical and temperate zones}], [{Cold air mixes with warm/moist air}], [{Asso­ciated with cyclones or depres­sio­ns}]. Front: [{Point where warm air mass meets cold air mass}], [{Warm air is lighte­r/f­orced to rise}], [{Cond­ens­ation and rain}].