Chapter 7.1 Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by jjovann

•Fontanels (“little founta­ins”)
•soft, mesenc­hym­e-f­illed spaces between crania­lbones in babies.
•They become suture joints in adults
•Allow for skull bone movement during birth and rapid brain growth during early childhood

•When viewed from the front, a normal adult vertebral column appears straight.
•When viewed from the side, it has four slight bends which constitute the normal spinal curvat­ures.

•There are 7 cervical vertebrae
–the neck region labeled C1-C7 .
•There are 12 thoracic verteb­rae­–ar­tic­ulate with the ribs (T1-T12).
•There are 5 lumbar vertebrae
–support the lower back labeled L1-L5
•The sacrum and coccyx
–single bones that result from the fusion of several vertebrae.

•The cervical vertebrae comprise the bony spine in the neck:
–C1 is called the Atlas because it holds up the head
•Named for the Titan of Greek mythology that supported the world.
–C2 is called the Axis because it provides a pivot, allowing the head to turn on the neck.

•Besides protecting the brain, the skull provides a framework for:
–Attac­hment of muscles that move various parts of the head
–Attac­hment for muscles that produce facial expres­sions
•The facial bones form the framework of the face and provide support for the entrances to the digestive and respir­atory systems.

•Because the lumbar vertebrae (5) bear greater loads, they are much more stout than their superior cousins (the cervical and thoracic verteb­rae).

•The thoracic cage is the final part of the axial skeleton.
•In addition to the thoracic vertebrae, it is formed from:
–The sternum
–The ribs and costal cartilages
•Its functions are to enclose and protect the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities:
–Provide support for the bones of the upper limbs
–Play a role in breathing

•8 Cranial Bones(­Bones of theBra­incase)
–Frontal bone (1)
–Parietal bone (2)
–Temporal bone (2)
–Occipital bone (1)
–Sphenoid bone (1)
–Ethmoid bone (1)
•14 Facial Bones
–Mandible (1)
–Maxilla (2)
–Zygomatic bone (2)
–Nasal bones (2)
–Lacrimal bones (2)
–Palatine bones (2)
–Inf. Nasal conchae (2)
–Vomer (1)

•The bottom 5 pairs of ribs (and this number can vary from one individual to another) are called false ribs.
–Pairs 8–10 also called verteb­roc­hondral ribs
•Attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartilage of rib above
–Pairs 11–12 also called vertebral (float­ing­)ribs
•No attachment to sternum

•The bottom 5 pairs of ribs (and this number can vary from one individual to another) are called false ribs.
–Pairs 8–10 also called verteb­roc­hondral ribs
•Attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartilage of rib above
–Pairs 11–12 also called vertebral (float­ing­)ribs
•No attachment to sternum

•There are 80 bones in the central (axial) skeleton
•These bone comprise the:
–Skull
–Vertebral column (including the sacrum)
–Ribs
–Sternum

•The bottom 5 pairs of ribs (and this number can vary from one individual to another) are called false ribs.
–Pairs 8–10 also called verteb­roc­hondral ribs
•Attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartilage of rib above
–Pairs 11–12 also called vertebral (float­ing­)ribs
•No attachment to sternum

•The human skeleton consists of roughly 206 named bones
•Grouped into two principal divisions:
–Axial skeleton
–Appen­dicular skeleton

•The sternum or “breas­tbone” is located anteriorly in the center of the thoracic wall.
–Consists of the manubrium, body, xiphoid process
•The 12 pairs of ribs give structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity.
•The costal (having to do with the ribs) cartilages are bars of hyaline cartilage connecting the sternum to the ribs.
–Contr­ibute to the elasticity of the thoracic cage

•The axial skeleton
•consists of the bones that lie around the longit­udinal axis of the human body:
•Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone, ribs, sternum (breas­tbone), and bones of the vertebral column
•The append­icular skeleton
•consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (extre­mities) and the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.

•The sacrum is a single triangular body formed from a fusion of 5 separate vertebrae in-utero (during fetal develo­pment).

•Without these first two specia­lized cervical vertebra, the head-o­n-neck range of motion would be very limited.

•Relative to the dorsal view of the body, the cervical and lumbar curves are concav­e(c­upping in),
•The thoracic and sacral curves are convex­(bu­lging out).

From the cervical region to the sacrum, each vertebra has a large central hole, or vertebral foramen in which the spinal cord can travel.
•At each segmental level, on both the right and left sides, an interv­ert­ebral foremen is formed for the exiting spinal nerves.

•Not a bone of skull
•Does not articulate directly with another bone
•Movable base for tongue
•Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech

The paranasal sinuses are prominent features of the frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, and maxillary bones.

•The braincase (neuro­cra­nium) has 8 bones:
•frontal,
•occipital (not shown)
•ethmoid
•sphenoid bone
•paired temporal
•parietal bones.

•The skull protects and supports the brain and special sense organs.
•Besides forming the large cranial cavity, the skull also forms several smaller cavities.
–Nasal cavity
–Orbits (eye sockets)
–Paranasal sinuses
–Small cavities which house organs involved in hearing and equili­brium

•Cushion like pad composed of two parts–­Nucleus pulposus
•Inner gelatinous nucleus
•Gives disc its elasticity and compre­ssi­bility
–Anulus fibrosus
•Outer collar composed of collagen and fibroc­art­ilage

•A tough fibroc­art­ilage interv­ert­ebral disc is found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae.
–It functions to absorb vertical shock and helps form joints which are strong yet still permit movement of the spine.

•Various conditions may exaggerate the normal spinal curves, sometimes causing severe disabi­lity.

•The spine is composed of a series of bones called vertebrae.
•Vertebrae typically consist of:
–A body (weight bearing)
–A pedicle and lamina forming the vertebral arch (surrounds the spinal cord)
–Processes (points of attachment for muscles)

•Below the neck, each of the 12 pairs of thoracic vertebrae articulate with a rib to form the posterior part of the thoracic cage.

•With the exception of the ethmoid sinuses, the other paranasal sinuses are paired.
–They are lined with mucus membranes that humidify and warm the air.
–Reduce weight in the skull
–Help to resonate the sound of our voice

•The coccyx, commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the bony spine.
–It is also an in-utero fusion of 3–5 separate vertebrae.

•A suture is a “seam” – an immovable joint typically found between bones of the skull.
•Sagittal suture not shown but found between superior aspect of parietal bones

•The upper 7 rib pairs are called true ribs because they attach “directly” to the sternum (with just a small piece of costal cartil­age).

•The bones of the skull are grouped into two catego­ries:
–Cranial bones
–Facial bones

•Bones have charac­ter­istic surface markings
–struc­tural features adapted for specific functions.
•There are two major types of surface markings:
–Depre­ssions and openings
•Allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves
•Form joints
–Processes
•Proje­ctions or outgrowths that form joints
•Serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons