Cheatography
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Chapter 10: Organic Compounds
This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.
Carbon Can Bind With...
Carbon (1x, 2x, 3x) |
Hydrogen |
Oxygen |
Nitrogen |
X - Halogens |
Sulfur |
Semi Structural Formulae Bracket Purposes
Branching |
Condensing formulae |
Multiple attached chains to same carbon |
Hydrocarbon Naming Guide
1. Stem/base name is the longest C chain |
2. Identify any function groups |
3. Number C in chain starting from strongest function group end |
4. Multi-bond takes higher priority over functional group in terms of 'counting side' |
5. Prefix 'di-'/'tri-'/'tetra-' etc. for more than one function/alkyl group |
6. Prefix 'cis-'/'trans-' for geometric isomers |
7. Functional groups in alphabetical order, ending with base name & suffix |
8. No spaces in name, dashes to separate No. & letters and commas to separate No. & No. |
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Additional Tips |
Highest priority group assigned lowest possible No. & prefix |
Lower priority group assigned prefix or alternative name |
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Isomers
Same molecular formula, different structures & properties |
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Structural Isomers |
Different structures |
⇙ |
⇘ |
Chain Isomers |
Positional Isomers |
Branching, no functional groups |
Functional group located elsewhere |
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Stereoisomers |
Different arrangements in 3D space |
⇙ |
⇘ |
Geometric Isomers |
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Optical Isomers |
Can't rotate at a certain molecule point |
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Mirror image doesn't match the original |
⇙ |
⇘ |
⇓ |
Cis Isomers |
Trans Isomers |
Enantiomers |
Longest C chain/main group on same 2x bond side |
Longest C chain/main group continues opposite of 2x bond |
Optical isomer pair |
Alcohol Types
Primary Alcohols |
Alcohol bonding to 1 alkyl group |
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Secondary Alcohols |
Alcohol bonding to 2 alkyl groups |
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Tertiary Alcohols |
Alcohol bonding to 3 alkyl groups |
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Functional Groups With Priorities
Priority |
Functional Group Name |
Base Structure |
Suffix |
Alternative Name |
Homologous Series |
1 |
Carboxyl |
COOH |
-oic acid |
N/A |
Carboxylic Acids |
2 |
Hydroxyl |
OH |
-ol |
Hydroxy- |
Alcohols |
3 |
Amino |
NH₂ |
-amine |
Amino- |
Primary Amines |
4 |
Alkene |
= |
-ene |
-ene |
Alkenes |
5 |
Alkyne |
≡ |
-yne |
-yn- |
Alkynes |
6 |
Halo |
X |
N/A |
[Halogen]o- |
Halogens |
Other Functional Groups
Functional Group Name |
Base Structure |
Suffix |
Homologous Series |
Hydro-
carbon Location |
Alkyl |
CH₃ |
-yl |
Alkanes |
As branches |
Ester |
COOC |
-yl + -oate |
Esters |
Anywhere |
Aldehyde |
OCHR |
N/A |
Carbonyl (Aldehydes) |
End of chain |
Ketone |
ORR' |
N/A |
Carbonyl |
Anywhere but end of chain |
Amide |
CONH₂ |
N/A |
Primary Amides |
End of chain |
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