Cheatography
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Monomers and Polymers
Monomers are the smaller units from which larger molecules are made |
Polymers are molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together |
Disaccharides
Maltose |
Glucose and Glucose |
Sucrose |
Glucose and Fructose |
Lactose |
Glucose and Galactose |
Amylose
Polymer of alpha glucose |
Coiled, alpha-helix structure |
Not branched |
1-4 glycosidic bonds only |
Insoluble so doesn't affect water potential |
Compact so a lot can be stored in a small space |
Function: energy storage in plants |
Glycogen
Function: energy storage in animals |
Polymers of alpha glucose |
Branched structure, but more ends than amylopectin to reflect higher metabolic activity of animals |
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds |
Insoluble so doesn't affect water potential |
Compact so a lot can be stored in a small space |
Many ends can be acted on simultaneously by enzymes |
Test for sugars
Benedict's test for reducing sugars involves boiling with Benedict's solution, and the positive result is a coloured (non-blue) precipitate |
Test for non-reducing sugars involves boiling with HCl, neutralising with NaOH and then repeating the Benedict's test |
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Functions of Carbohydrates
Source of energy |
Structural Components |
Storage Compounds |
Metabolite |
Transport |
Cell Recognition |
Condensation reactions of carbohydrates
Condensation reactions between monosaccharides forms glycosidic bonds |
Amylopectin
Function: energy storage in plants |
Polymer of alpha glucose |
Branched structure |
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds |
Large so insoluble so doesn't affect water potential |
Many ends that can be acted on by enzymes to hydrolyse quickly |
Cellulose
Function: Structural components of plant cell walls |
Polymer of beta glucose |
Chains of alternately inverted beta glucose units |
Hydrogen bonds between the chains increases collective strength |
Forms microfibrils and then fibril structures which increases tensile strength |
Long chains form a mesh structure and so the cell wall is permeable |
Test for starch
Add iodine solution to the sample |
A positive result is a blue/black solution |
Test for starch
Add iodine solution to the sample |
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A positive result is a blue/black solution |
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