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Exam 1 Review Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by

This is a draft cheat sheet. It is a work in progress and is not finished yet.

Antigens and Antibodies

What are the effects of antibodies binding to antigens?
When antibodies attach to antigens of foreign cells, they cause the foreign cells to clump together and eventually undergo immune system mediated destru­ction

Red Blood Cells

What happens during develo­pment and the name of each stage
Developing RBCs lose their nucleus and many other organelles as they mature
 
When a maturing RBC loses it’s nucleus, it becomes a reticu­locyte
 
The mature form is highly specia­lized for oxygen transport

The Circul­atory System

Where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity?
The heart is located in the medias­tinum, which extends from the sternum anteriorly to the vertebral column poster­iorly, and lies medially between the two lungs and the pleural membranes that cover them.

Red Blood Cells

What is hemoglobin and what does it do?
Hemoglobin is a protein molecule adapted to carry O2

Human Blood Groups

What is special about antibody production in negative indivi­duals?
Anti-Rh antibodies not sponta­neously formed in Rh– indivi­duals
 
Anti-Rh antibodies form if Rh– individual receives Rh+ blood, or Rh– mom carrying Rh+ fetus

Human Blood Groups

What is the Rh antigen?
is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells

Red Blood Cells

How are old RBCs destroyed
Ruptured RBCs are removed from circul­ation and destroyed by fixed phagoc­ytotic macrop­hages in the spleen and liver

Human Blood Groups

Which naturally produce what antibo­dies?
Type A- Anti B antibody
 
Type B- Anti A antibody
 
Type AB- Neither antibodies
 
Type O- Both A and B antibodies

Abnorm­alities of Erythr­opo­iesis

List some causes
low iron intake, hemolysis, autoimmune disease, blood loss, or lack of production in the bone marrow

The CV System

What does the CV system consist of?
consists of three interr­elated compon­ents: Blood Heart Blood vessels

Anemias

What is sickle­-cell disease and how are RBC affected?
An autosomal recessive disorder
 
A genetic defect in the primary DNA sequence leads to production of a faulty Hgb β chain, and RBCs that take on a rigid, sickle­-shape

Antigens and Antibodies

What are antibo­dies?
Proteins produced by B-cells (immune cells) that are used by the immune system for identi­fic­ation and destru­ction of foreign objects

Formed Elements

What are WBCs and list charac­ter­istics discussed in PPT
leukocytes
 
Have nuclei and a full complement of other organelles
 
do not contain the protein Hgb
 
Shorter life-span compared to RBCs
 
divided into two groups depending on whether they contain conspi­cuous chemic­al-­filled cytopl­asmic granules (when stained) Granul­ocytes Agranu­locytes

Antigens & Antibodies

What are antigens?
surface identi­fic­ation markers to the immune system

Leukocytes

Why is it important for WBC function
This allows them to pinpoint the area of damage­/in­fla­mma­tio­n/i­nfe­ction and gather in large numbers to remove debris and fight infection

Blood Transf­usion

What is a blood transf­usion?
The process of transf­erring blood or blood products from one person to another

Granul­ocytes

List the granul­ocytes, the role of each, and their relative abundance
Neutrophil
 
The most numerous WBC in normal blood (50-70% of circul­ating white blood cells)
 
PMNs are granul­ocytes with a pinkish cytoplasm
 
one of the two major phagocytes in the body
 
their principal role is to fight bacterial infections
 
Use a variety of chemicals destroy pathogens
 
Eosino­phils
 
Charac­terized by their large red granules
 
Involved in mediation of inflam­mation and phagoc­ytosis of antige­n-a­ntibody complexes
 
They are much less numerous than neutro­phils (2-4% of circul­ating WBCs)
 
they have also been associated with the develo­pment of allergies
 
Basophils
 
Contain large, dark blue, histamine containing granules
 
Normally, they are the lowest number of circul­ating WBCs (only 0-1%),
 
Play an important role in the escalation of inflam­matory responses

Hemostasis

What are the three steps and describe the process of each
Vascular spasm
 
Vasoco­nst­riction ( vascular smooth muscle squeezing) of damaged blood vessel
 
Formation of a platelet plug
 
Positive feedback cycle
 
Damaged endoth­elium exposes the blood vessel collagen fibers (important structural proteins) to blood flowing through it
 
Platelets stick to exposed collagen fibers via help of the plasma protein Von Willebrand factor
 
Platelets swell, become spiked and sticky, and release particular chemical messen­gers:
 
The aforem­ent­ioned chemical messengers cause more platelets in the area affected to swell, become spiked and sticky, stick to the exposed collagen and release more chemical messen­gers, which cause the process to continue and amplify
 
Usually takes about a minute for the platelets to form a plug large enough to affect blood loss.
 
Coagul­ation
 
Reinforces platelet plug with mesh-like arrang­ement of fibrin threads
 
Blood transf­ormed from liquid to gel-like substance (clot) helping to reinforce and seal larger breaks

Cardiac Muscle Tissue: Electr­oph­ysi­ology

List basic electr­ophys differ­ences with skeletal muscle
Action potential and contra­ctile phase last much longer in contra­ctile cardiac myocytes
 
extends absolute refractory period and allows time for proper contra­ction necessary for pressure build up needed for ejection of blood from heart chamber
 
Return to repola­riz­ation results from inacti­vation of Ca2+ channels during the open period of voltag­e-gated K+ channels
 
Ca2+ pumped back into SR and extrac­ellular fluid
 
Long absolute refractory period (250 ms)
 
Another Action potential and contra­ction cannot begin until relaxation is well underway. For this reason, tetanus (sustained contra­ction) cannot occur in cardiac muscle This allows for sufficient time between contra­ctions for the chambers to fill with blood – cannot properly fill if contra­cting

Cardiac Conduc­tion: Sequence of Excitation

What is the SA node and why is it the pacemaker?
Pacemaker of heart in right atrial wall
 
Depola­rizes faster than rest of non-co­ntr­actile myocardium
What is the AV node and why is it important?
In inferior intera­trial septum (separ­ation line between atria)
 
Allows atrial contra­ction to mostly complete prior to conducting the AP that will be respon­sible for ventri­cular contra­ction
What is the AV bunde and what is its job?
In superior interv­ent­ricular septum (separ­ation line between ventri­cles)
 
Only electrical connection between atria and ventricles
Basics of right and left bundle branches
Two pathways in interv­ent­ricular septum
 
Carry impulses toward apex of heart
What is the Subend­oca­rdial network and why is it important?
Complete pathway through interv­ent­ricular septum into apex and ventri­cular walls
 
More elaborate on left side of heart - more muscle mass
 
AV bundle and subend­oca­rdial conducting network depolarize 30X/minute in absence of AV node input

Blood

What type of tissue is blood?
connective tissue
 
Composed of: Plasma (55%) Formed elements (45%)

Components Of Blood

Components of blood
Plasma (~55% of whole blood by volume)
What is it mostly? (Plasma)
91.5% water and 8.5% solutes
What are the different consti­tuents?
Water and Solutes
What are plasma proteins and where are most made?
Specific proteins confined to blood are called plasma proteins
Which are found in the greatest amount (by weight, by number)?
Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen

Heart Location

How is it oriented?
The heart is located in the middle medias­tinum.
Base
The base of the heart is tipped up medially and poster­iorly
Apex
the apex projects inferiorly and laterally.

Autorh­yth­micity

How are they connected to each other and to the contra­ctile cardiac myocytes?
The conducting system is in contact with the contra­ctile cardiac myocytes via gap junctions
What are those connec­tions used for?
Once a group of autorh­ythmic cells reaches threshold and start an action potential (AP), all of the cells in that area of the heart also depolarize by spread of ions through gap junctions.

Formed Elements

What is hemopo­iesis?
Process by which the formed elements of blood develop
Where does it take place in humans?
From late fetal develo­pment to death
What 2 main types of stem cells do the plurip­otent cells give rise to?
Myeliod and lymphoid stem cells
Why are the lymphoid stem cells named so?
their beginning develo­pment in the red bone marrow and ending in the lymphoid tissue

Acute Lympho­blastic Leukimia

From what line of blood cells does ALL develop?
White Blood Cells

Chambers Of The Heart

Right heart and pump
consists of the right atrium and right ventricle Takes in venous blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs for oxygen­ation.
Left heart and pump
consists of the left atrium and left ventricle Takes in freshly oxygenated pulmonary blood and pumps it system­ically (meaning to the body).
Top pump
A weak pump consisting of the right and left atria. The atria receive venous blood and top-off the ventricles by giving an “atrial kick” (atrial contra­ction) before the ventricles contract.
Bottom pump
A strong pump consisting of the right and left ventricles – pumps out to arteries It’s the main pump for the pulmonary and systemic circuits.

Chambers Of The Heart

List the 4 chambers of the heart
Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Atrium Left Ventricle

Regulation of Hemopo­iesis

What is the importance of their discovery and artificial synthesis?
Laboratory made hemopo­ietic growth factors have shown great promise in helping reduce some of the side effects of chemot­herapy as well as treatment of particular disieases and genetic deffic­iencies
 

Intrav­ascular Clotting

What is intrav­ascular clotting and the define the terms in each
Formation of a clot in an unbroken blood vessel (usually a vein) is called thromb­osis.
 
The clot itself is called a thrombus
 
Embolism: embolus obstru­cting a vessel

Intava­scular Clotting

Why is this dangerous and list some risk factors
Blocks blood supply to region and can result in tissue death
 
Risk factors – athero­scl­erosis, infection, inflam­mation, slowly flowing blood, or blood stasis from immobility

Antigens and Antibodies

Can a single antibody bind to any antigen? Why?
No, Each antibody type is very specific for a particular antigen

Antico­agulant Drugs

Identify the antico­agulant drugs in the PPT and their respective mechanisms
Aspiri­n-A­nti­pro­sta­glandin that inhibits thromb­oxane A2 synthesis
 
Hepari­n-Helps antith­rombin block thrombin formation and activity
 
Warfar­in-­Int­erferes with action of vitamin K in clot format­ion­/Works slower than heparin
 
Dabiga­tra­n-D­irectly inhibits thrombin

Clot Retraction

What is clot retraction and how does it occur?
is the consol­idation of the fibrin reinforced clot. As the clot retracts, it pulls the edges of the damaged vessel closer together, decreasing the risk of further damage

The Electr­oca­rdi­ogram

What is an ECG
An ECG is a recording of the electrical changes on the surface of the body resulting from the depola­riz­ation and repola­riz­ation of the myocar­dium.
Why is it important clinic­ally?
An ECG recording can help us determine normal from abnormal cardiac activity:
What does each wave and interval represent
P wave - atrial depola­riz­ation
 
P-Q interval - time it takes for the atrial contra­ction to top-off the ventricles
 
QRS wave - ventri­cular depola­riz­ation and atrial repola­riz­ation
 
S-T segment - time it takes to empty the ventricles before they repolarize (the T wave

Blood

What is hematology and how does blood contribute to homeos­tasis?
The study of blood, blood forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them
 
Blood contri­butes to homeos­tasis by: Transp­orting respir­atory gasses, nutrients, metabo­lites, and hormones to and from your body’s cells. Helping to regulate body pH and temper­ature. Providing protection through its clotting mechanisms and immune defenses

Blood Transf­usion

How is whole donated blood processed (separ­ated)?
Almost all donated blood in the U.S. is separated into its various components to make better use of it

WBC Indies

What does it mean if a type of WBC is present in excess amounts?
In this peripheral blood smear a patient with lympho­cytic leukemia has a WBC >15­0,000 and 90% of the WBCs are cancerous lympho­cytes!

Action Potential Initiation by Pacemaker Cells

Describe their action potential steps
Pacemaker potential End of repola­riz­ation closes voltag­e-gated K+ channels Special (funny current) channels open and let positive ions enter the cell positive ion flow in moves membrane voltage in a positive direction
 
Depola­riz­ation Once the threshold value is met (AP membrane voltage) Fast voltag­e-gated Ca2+ channels open Ca2+ influx rising phase of action potential
 
Repola­riz­ati­on-Slow voltag­e-gated K+ channels open outflow of K+ greater than Ca2+ inflow as the voltag­e-gated Ca2+ channels close

Antigens and Antibodies

What are cellular antigens typically made of?
Proteins
 
Glycol­ipids
 
Glycop­roteins
 
Proteo­lipids

Cardiac Conduction

Two important roles of autorh­ythmic fibers
Formation of the conduction system of the heart
 
Act as pacemakers within that system.

Human Blood Groups

Know the different blood groups
Types A, B, AB, and O

Cardiac Muscle Tissue: Electr­oph­ysi­ology

List electr­ophys simila­rities with skeletal muscle
Contra­ctile cardiac muscle fibers have a stable resting membrane potential – stay at stable negative charge until signaled
 
In contra­ctile cardiac muscle fibers, depola­riz­ation opens fast voltag­e-gated Na+ channels in the cell membrane
 
Positive sodium rushes in and causes brief reversal of membrane potential – goes from negative to positive
What is respon­sible for depola­riz­ation phase?
Depola­riz­ation is due to Na+ influx through fast voltag­e-gated Na+ channels
What change in cell functi­oning does depola­riz­ation produce?
Depola­riz­ation wave results in opening of slow Ca2+ channels in T-tubule membrane (around peak and early repola­riz­ation) - influx of calcium-SR releases Ca2+

Blood Groups

Which can donate to and receive from who and why?
Blood typing for ABO status is done using single drops of blood mixed with different antisera
 
Agglut­ination with an antisera indicates the presence of that antigen on the RBC

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

What are they heavily reliant on?
High dependence on aerobic respir­ation (needs O2) for ATP production
What can they use to make more fuel?
Can even use lactic acid from skeletal muscles to make more ATP
How are they connected to, and commun­icate with, each other
Cardiac myocytes connect to, and commun­icate with, adjacent neighb­oring cells through gap junctions in interc­alated discs.
 
APs spread to other cardiac myocytes by ion travel through gap junctions

Transf­usion Reaction

What is the danger in someone receiving mismatched blood?
Diminished oxygen­-ca­rrying capacity
 
Diminished blood flow beyond blocked vessels
 
Hemoglobin in kidney tubule­s-renal failure

Heart Location

What is the function of the perica­rdium?
The perica­rdium is the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart and retains its position in the medias­tinum
List the layers and properties of each?
The fibrous perica­rdium is a very dense and non-fl­exible connective tissue that helps protect and anchor the heart.
 
The inner serous perica­rdium is subdivided into;
 
parietal layer adheres to the outermost fibrous layer
 
visceral layer also viewed as the outer surface of the heart wall
 
A thin perica­rdial fluid lubricates the space between the visceral and parietal perica­rdium (peric­ardial cavity).

Agranu­locytes

List the agranu­locytes , the role of each, and their relative abundance
Monocytes
 
Arise from the same immediate precursor cell as the 3 granul­ocytes (the myeloid stem cell), but no granules
 
Along with neutro­phils, monocytes are the other major group of phagocytic cells.
 
Constitute only 3-8% of the circul­ating WBCs
 
Crucial in the defense against viruses, certain bacterial parasites, fungi, and chronic infections
 
Differ­entiate into Macrop­hages in tissues
 
Some become “fixed” (localized to a particular tissue) and others become “wande­ring” (roamers that congregate at sites of infection or inflam­mation)
 
Lympho­cytes
 
Do not have granules or phagoc­ytize
 
The major soldiers in immune system battles
 
Approx­imately 20-30% of circul­ating white cells
 
Lympho­cytes are the corner­stone of the specific immune response
 
Contin­uously move between blood and lymphatic tissue
 
Develop into;T­-cells B-cells Natural killer cells

Anemias

How may this affect the health of those with the full phenotype of the disease?
Sickling decreases the cells' flexib­ility and results in a variety of compli­cations

Acute Lympho­blastic Leukimia

What charac­terizes it?
Charac­terized by the overpr­odu­ction and accumu­lation of cancerous, immature white blood cells, known as lympho­blasts.

Formed Elements

How are they classi­fied?
Have nuclei and a full complement of other organelles
 
do not contain the protein Hgb
 
Shorter life-span compared to RBCs
 
divided into two groups depending on whether they contain conspi­cuous chemic­al-­filled cytopl­asmic granules (when stained)

Formed Elements

What is hemato­crit?
the % of RBCs per unit blood volume

Acute Lympho­blastic Leukimia

What charac­terizes it?
Charac­terized by the overpr­odu­ction and accumu­lation of cancerous, immature white blood cells, known as lympho­blasts.

Abnorm­alities of Erythr­opo­iesis

What is iron deficiency anemia and why is it important for women to know of its cause?
Too few healthy red blood cells due to too little iron in the body
 
20% of all women of childb­earing age have some form of iron deficiency anemia

Acute Myeloid Leukimia

From what line of blood cells does AML develop?
Cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells

Red Blood Cells

What do they specialize in?
The mature form is highly specia­lized for oxygen transport

Components Of Blood

List the three formed elements of blood
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) White Blood Cells (WBCs) Platelets

Abnorm­alities of Erythr­opo­iesis

What is polycy­themia and what can cause it?
a condition of excess number of RBCs per unit volume
 
Hypoxia

Charac­ter­istics of Blood

What is ECF?
extrac­ellular fluid
 
Plasma volume consti­tutes roughly 25% of extrac­ellular fluid
 
Other 75% of ECF is inters­titial fluid

Red Blood Cells

How is it able to do its job (what element is necess­ary)?
A Hgb molecule consists of 4 large globin proteins (2 alpha and 2 beta chains), each embedding an iron-c­ont­aining heme center
 
The iron binds oxygen
Each hemoglobin can bind to 4 oxygen molecules.
 

Formed Elements

Why is the bi-concave shape important?
Allows for high surface area to cell volume, which is optimal for gas exchange Also allows RBCs to deform without rupturing Very important in capillary circul­ation

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells?
Contra­ctile fibers and non-co­ntr­actile fibers
Properties
Excitable tissue­-ch­anges in electrical states that affect cellular activity
 
Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated
 
Contra­ctile units organized much the same as skeletal
 
Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle fibers; Are shorter Can branch Have only one (usually centrally located) nucleus.
 
Have many mitoch­ondria
 
Readily switches fuel source for aerobic respir­ation

The Circul­atory System

What is the job of the heart and how does it contribute to homeos­tasis?
The heart and blood vessels transport water, gases (O2, CO2, N2), proteins, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
 
Involved in the regulation of temper­ature and blood pH.
 
Also helps facilitate the functions of the immune system.

Red Blood Cells

What charac­ter­istics about the RBC contribute to this specia­liz­ation?
Due to the lack of most organe­lles, the majority of their internal space is available for oxygen transport

Layers of The Heart Wall

What are the three layer of the heart wall?What composes each?
The epicar­diu­m-the thin, transp­arent outer layer of the heart wall also called the visceral layer of the serous perica­rdium.
 
The myocar­diu­m-the thick middle layer composed of cardiac muscle
 
The endoca­rdium-a simple squamous epithelial layer (known in the circul­atory system as "­end­oth­eli­um”).

Regulation of Hemopo­iesis

List and define the hemopo­ietic growth factors
Erythr­opo­ietin (EPO) – increases the # of RBC precursers (formed in kidneys)
 
Thromb­opoetin (TPO) – stimulates formation of platelets from megaka­ryo­cytes (formed in liver)
 
Cytokines – small glycop­roteins that regulate the develo­pment of different blood cells( formed by red bone marrow cells, leukoc­ytes,

Charac­ter­istics of Blood

List the charac­ter­istics of blood
Blood is more dense and viscous (thicker) than water.
 
Has a temper­ature of ~38 deg C (1 deg C higher than oral or rectal body temp)
 
Slightly alkaline
 
pH ranging from 7.35 – 7.45
 
Changes from dark to bright red depending on oxygen content
 
Average blood volume in: Males = 5 to 6 liters (1.5 gal) Females = 4 to 5 liters (1.2 gal) Difference mainly due to body size

Acute Myeloid Leukimia

What charac­terizes it?
charac­terized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells

Autorh­yth­micity

What is autorh­yth­micity?
The self initiated rhythmical electrical activity displayed by the heart
What does that mean for the heart?
Because heart muscle is autorh­ythmic, it does not rely on the central nervous system to stimulate a heartbeat
How abundant are autorh­ythmic fibers?
Approx­imately 1% of cardiac cells are autorh­ythmic fibers

Autorh­yth­micity

What do they not do?
Do not function in contra­ction
What is special about them?
have specia­lized features that are essential for normal heart excitation
What do they do for the heart?
Constitute a network called the conducting system
 
The conducting system is in contact with the contra­ctile cardiac myocytes via gap junctions
 
These cells are what initiate the heartbeat and help spread the impulse (action potential) rapidly through the heart

Components of Blood

Which is most abundant in blood?
Red Blood Cells

Charac­ter­istics of Blood

What is ISF and how does it relate to blood?
Inters­titial fluid (ISF)
 
Fluid that bathes body tissues
 
Constantly renewed by blood

Cardiac Conduc­tion: Sequence of Excitation

Describe the pathway of action potential conduction through the heart
Sinoatrial node  Atriov­ent­ricular node  Atriov­ent­ricular bundle  Right and left bundle branches  Subend­oca­rdial conducting network (Purkinje fibers

WBC Indices

What is a WBC differ­ential and why is it important?
To enhance the diagnostic value of a WBC count, the percen­tages of each of the 5 types of WBCs is determined by using a machine to do a statis­tical analysis of the blood sample
 
Shifts in the normal percen­tages of circul­ating WBCs will often point towards a bacterial infection (elevated percentage of neutro­phils) or a viral infection (elevated percentage of lympho­cytes

Blood Transf­usion

What is serum?
serum is just plasma without the clotting factors

Formed Elements

What are platelets, their role, and life span?
Derived from megaka­ryo­cytes that splinter into 2000-3000 fragments
 
Short life span (5 – 9 days)
 
Form a platelet plug in damaged vessels and release chemicals that promote clotting

Hemostasis

What is hemost­asis?
The sequence of responses that halt bleeding
Describe the importance of this response?
When blood vessels are damaged or ruptured, the hemostatic response must be quick, localized to the region of damage, and carefully controlled in order to be effective
What does it require?
Requires various clotting factors, and substances released by platelets and injured tissues Three mechanisms reduce blood loss (Vascular spasm Formation of a platelet plug Blood clotting (coagu­lation)

WBC Indies

What is leukoc­ytosis?
Increase in WBC count above 11,000 cells/­mic­roliter
What is Leukop­enia?
WBC count less than 5,000 cells/­mic­roliter

WBC Indices

Why are WBC indices clinically important?
Shifts in the normal percen­tages of circul­ating WBCs will often point towards a bacterial infection (elevated percentage of neutro­phils) or a viral infection (elevated percentage of lympho­cytes

Fibrin­olysis

What is fibrin­olysis, the fibrin­olytic system, and why is it important?
a clot has a tendency to enlarge quickly, creating the potential for impairment of blood flow through undamaged vessels

Fibrin­olysis

What enzymes are important in this system and how do they function (what do they affect)?
Both body tissues and blood contain substances that can transform plasmi­nogen (inactive form made by liver) to plasmin, (the enzyme that actively dissolves clots)
 
Antith­rombin, blocks the activity of thrombin, can be activated to help slow clot formation

WBC Indices

Compare number of circul­ating WBCs to RBCs
WBCs are far less numerous than RBCs in the blood
 
Normal concen­tration ~5,000­-10,000 cells/­mic­roliter

Leukocyte Movement

What is emigra­tion?
The process by which WBCs leave the blood stream

Granul­ocytes

 

Leukocytes

What is phagoc­ytosis and which WBCs are the main active phagoc­ytes?
the process of engulphing a substance or another cell
 
Monocytes and neutro­phills are the main active phagocytes in the body

Human Blood Groups

What does positive and negative designate?
Those with the Rh antigen are said to be Rh+ (positive)
 
Those without the Rh antigen are Rh- (negative)

Leukocytes

What is positive chemot­axis?
Chemicals released by microbes, other WBCs, and inflamed tissues can attract particular WBCs, a phenomenon

Antigens and Antibodies

Define agglut­inogen and how the term relates to antigens
Promoters of clumping
 
Thus antigens are also called agglut­inogens because they can trigger a clumping response from the immune system

Anemias

What are they at increased risk for?
Increased risk of stroke

Antigens and Antibodies

What are antibodies also called?
Antibodies are called agglut­inins

Anemias

What is hemorr­hagic anemia?
precip­itous blood loss, and results in an equal decrease in Hct, Hgb content, and RBC count

Human Blood Groups

Which have what antigens?
Type A- A antigen
 
Type B- B antigen
 
Type AB- A and B antigens
 
Type O- Neither A or B antigens

Abnorm­alities of Erythr­opo­iesis

What is anemia?
lowered oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

Human Blood Groups

Which can donate to and receive from who and why?

Red Blood Cells

Why do RBC’s have a limited life span?
mature RBCs lack a nucleus or any protein making instru­ctions
 
This means they cannot synthesize new components to repair damaged ones

Human Blood Groups

What is it named after?
Named due to its discovery in the blood of the Rhesus monkey