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2024 Tahsili Physics: Light
Light
Engineering optics |
the study of how light interacts with matter |
Luminous Flux |
the measure of the total amount of energy radiated per second from a light source in all directions (measured in lumens (lm) |
Illumination |
a measure of the light that falls on a surface (measured in lux (lx)) |
Illumination Formula |
E = P/4πr2 (E = illumination, P = luminous flux, r = distance) |
Diffraction |
the spreading of waves around barriers |
polarization |
the restriction of light to one direction |
Primary colours |
RGB |
Characteristics of Spherical Mirrors
concave |
depends on position |
convex |
virtual, upright, smaller |
concave properties |
infinitely large |
real, inverted, highly diminished at focus |
at focus |
real, inverted, infinitely enlarged (no image) |
beyond focal point |
virtual, erect, enlarged image |
2x the focal length |
real, inverted, same size |
before focal point = inverted and smaller |
after focal point = erect and larger |
virtual images cannot be collected on screen |
Spherical Lenses
convex lens |
collects light |
concave lens |
scatters light |
Magnification |
the ratio of the image's length to the object's length |
Magnification formula |
M = hi / ho or -di / do ( M is -ive if its real ) |
1/f = 1/di + 1/do |
Interference
interference |
when two waves superimpose to form a wave with a higher or lower amplitude |
young's double slit experiment |
explains interference; uses monochromatic light to create dark and light bands |
λ = xd/L |
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Reflection Off a Plane
Reflection Law |
incident angle = reflected angle |
Properties of a plane image |
1- virtual |
2- upright |
3- same size |
4- horizontally inverted |
5- same distance |
Spherical mirrors
concave mirror |
collects light rays (used in telescope) |
convex mirror |
scatters light rays (sides of cars) |
Principal Axes |
center line |
Focus / focal point |
the point at which light rays appear to converge |
Focal Length |
the distance between the center of the mirror and the focus |
focal length formula |
f = r/2 (r = radius of curvature) |
Refraction of Light
Refraction |
the bending of light through a medium |
snell's law |
n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2 (n is the refractive index) |
refraction index |
n = c/v (c is the speed of light, v is the speed of light in the medium) |
complete reflection |
reflection within a medium that occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle |
critical angle |
the angle of incidence that causes the reflected angle to have 90 degrees |
complete reflection applications |
optical fibers |
mirage |
an optical illusion caused by a difference in temperature that creates refraction |
rainbow |
when light is scattered by water droplets |
Sight defects
farsightedness (long focal length) |
corrected with a convex lens |
nearsightedness (image forms in front of retina) |
corrected with concave lens |
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