VETS2011 - RESPIRATORY ANATOMY Cheat Sheet (DRAFT) by Ru4052

- phonation

→ deny partic­ulate matter

→ warm and humidify air

 conducting component

- larynx

- respir­atory bronch­ioles

- alveoli

 pumping mechanism

- rib cage

 consists of

- nasal cavities

 supported by bone and cartilage

 specific to each species

- shape of supporting lateral nasal cartilages

 supported by lateral nasal cartilages

- may have accessory cartilage

 dog, cat, sheep, goat

- thick, hairless skin or planum nasale confined to area around nostrils

- cartilage complete laterally

- planum rostrale continuous with upper lip

- cartilage complete laterally

- no philtrum

 horse

- extra alar cartilage supports dorsal, ventral, medial

- horse must breath by nose

provide moisture for nose

 in carnivores (no gland in planum)

- glands in septum

 nasal septum

- caudal

- supported by vomer

- thin complex, bony scrolls projecting from inside of lateral wall

 dorsal nasal concha

 ventral nasal concha

- more extensive than dorsal nasal concha

 mucosal folds

- straight fold is rostral extension of dorsal concha

bulbous enlarg­ement - divert air and increase evapor­ation

- series of folding plates

- linked with ethmoid bone

spaces between roof and floor nasal cavity, and dorsal and ventral conchae

- dorsal nasal meatus

- ventral nasal meatus

 INCISIVE DUCTS (nasop­alatine duct)

- connect oral and nasal cavities

- oral opening - incisive papilla - caudal to upper central incisors

 VOMERO­NASAL ORGAN

- cartilage support

- epithelium both respir­atory and olfactory

- taste and smell

 LATERAL NASAL GLAND

- near nasoma­xillary opening; duct opens into middle meatus near end straight fold

- humidify nose

- from medial canthus eye into nasal cavity

- often blocked brachi­oce­phalic breeds

 GENERAL CHARAC­TER­ISTICS

- lined by mucope­rio­steum

- lighten skull

- protect eyes, nasal passages and cranial cavity

- amplify voice

- all species: frontal and maxillary sinuses

- openings into nasal cavity narrow

→ prevent drainage

 MAXILLARY SINUS

- commun­icate with middle meatus via nasoma­xillary opening

• hard palate – palatine sinus

• medial aspect orbit – lacrimal sinus

- opens into ethmoidal meatus (horse - opens into caudal maxillary sinus)

both 2 regions have different mucosae

- paranasal sinuses

- lateral, dorsal, ventral nasal wall and part of septum

- ethmot­urb­inates

- part of nasal septum

 EPITHELIUM

- in paranasal sinuses - more cuboidal to squamous, less glands and goblet cells

- loose connective tissue blends with perios­teum, perich­ondrium

- simple branched tubulo­acinar mixed nasal glands (less in sinuses)

 EPITHELIUM

- 3 cell types

susten­tacular (suppo­rting) cells - slender, many microvilli (no cilia)

 olfactory

- filter (dust, bacteria)

- air from nasal cavity to nasoph­arynx via choanae (internal nares)

- connected to middle ear by audiotory (Eusta­chian) tube

keep middle air at surrou­nding pressure

- short muscul­o-c­art­ila­ginous tube (a bunch of articu­lating cartilages held together by muscles, ligaments and membranes)

- supported by hyoid apparatus

pair bones

- basihyoid (unpaired, lie transv­ersely)

- epihyoid bone

- tympan­ohyoid cartilage

 respir­ation

- regulate airflow to lungs

- prevent aspiration of food, saliva, etc.

 intrat­horacic pressure regulation - act as a valve

many articu­lating cartilages with ligaments and muscles

- epiglottis (elastic cartilage)

- cricoid (hyaline cartilage, complete ring)

• muscular process - lateral, crest shaped

• cornic­ulate process - elastic cartilage, horn shaped, dorsal

- intera­ryt­enoid (hyaline cartilage, carnivores and pigs)

3 articu­lations

- cricoa­ryt­enoid

• slide to bring arytenoids closer or further

7 ligaments (intrinsic and extrinsic)

- cricot­racheal

- transverse arytenoid

- hyoepi­glottic

- from arytenoid to epiglottis

- absent in ruminants

- from vocal process of arytenoid to body thyroid

- glottis have space between them

- lateral margin of epiglottis to arytenoid (dog and horse)

- lies dorsal to arytenoid and cricoid (pig and ruminant)

- deep blind-­ending pocket lateral wall larynx

- entrance between vocal and vestibular folds (between split vocal ligament in pig)

(MEDIAN VENTRICLE) - pig, horse; base epiglottis

- pseudo­str­atified columnar ciliated epithelium caudally

4 sections

- entrance

 VESTIBULE

- vestibular folds and lateral ventricle

- vocal folds and vocal process

- continuous with trachea

 INTRINSIC MUSCLES

- close or open glottis by abducting or adducting vocal folds

- abduct ventral edge arytenoid, draw vocal fold ventrally

 Abductors - close glottis

- from lat surface cricoid to lat surface thyroid

- draw vent edge arytenoid ventrally and medially, adducting vocal cords

- from muscular process of arytenoid, passes dorsally to other arytenoid

- in dog and horse, divided into ventri­cularis rostrally and vocalis caudally

- adduct arytenoids

 EXTRINSIC MUSCLES

- connect with hyoid bones, pharynx, sternum

 move larynx rostrally

• origin: hyoid apparatus

- hyoepi­glottic muscle

• insertion: epiglottis

• not attach directly to larynx

- rostral movement - important in swallowing (deglu­tition)

 move larynx caudally

- important in strenuous exercise

2 nerves, both branches of vagus nerve

- external cranial laryngeal nerve (motor to cricot­hyroid muscle)

 caudal laryngeal nerve (recurrent larygeal nerve)

- different paths in LnR sides

 damage­/de­gen­erate left recurrent laryngeal nerve

- problem for dorsal cricoa­ryt­enoid muscle (only abductor)

→ make noise or 'roaring'

• ‘tie-back’ operation (prost­hetic larygo­plasty)

• lateral ventri­cul­ectomy reduces roaring sound

2 arteries

- from common carotid artery

- either from common carotid artery or external carotid artery

 from larynx to principal bronchi

 2 parts

- two third of esophagus (upper part) located dorsal to trachea, one third of esophagus (lower part) shifts to left side caudal

 thoracic

- divide into 2 branches to base heart at 4th-6th inter costal space

 tracheal cartilages

- C-shape, open dorsally

- fibro- elastic connec­tions between cartilages

- dorsal aspect (gap in rings)

- external to ring carniv­ores; internal others

 mucosa

- lamina propria of loose, vascular connective tissue

 submucosa

 muscul­o-c­art­ila­ginous layer

 rigid tube for air passes through (can collapse cause pathology)

- flexible cartilage; incomplete cartilage rings

 trap and remove fine particles

 lungs

 in thoracic cavity

- thoracic wall

 serous membrane

• simple squamous epithelium

 serous fluid/­exudate

 lines thoracic cavity, form pleural sacs (R > L)

- push medially, bound by connective tissue

pleural cavity in each sac

 lungs bud from trachea, push out into pleura → enveloped by pulmonary visceral pleura

- costal pleura

- medias­tinal pleura

 pleural space

- contains pleural fluid

 make lungs stick to inside of thoracic cavity

- inborn surface tension of fluid

 lubric­ation for lung movement against inside thoracic wall

 partition

- connective tissue

 3 parts

- middle medias­tinum (cardiac)

both 2 regions have different mucosae

- part of dorsal, all ventral conchae

 CLASSI­FIC­ATION