Botany 223 Cheat Sheet by jhundal

(carbs­-poly) amylose = linear, tight helicles, harder to break down, amylop­ectin = branched, easier to mobilize

Lipids - energy storage (fats/­oils), membrane structure (phosp­hol­ipids, sterols), protection from UV and desicc­ation (waxes)

oils are stored in cytoplasm and chloro­plasts

long term sorage of nitrogen in protein body, vacuole and chloro­plasts

simple - one type of cell complex - more than one type of cell

woody plants grow using apical and lateral mersitems

parenchyma tissue - think 1º, no 2º, alive, storage

sclere­nchyma tissue - extremely thick 2º wall, heavily lignified 1º, dead, support, 2 shapes sclerids star/round or long thin w/tappered ends

protoderm = dermal, ground meristem = ground, procambium = vascular

phloem -sugar conduc­ting, sieve tube, companion cells

periderm - lateral cork cambium, cork cells (box cells), infused with tannins, suberin and ligning

old parts of stem *vascular cambium, 2º vascular tissue system, periderm

dicot - vascular bundles in ring, two cotyledon

metabolic function is to convert xylem ray cells to heartwood

sapwood = structural and conduction

bulb shorterned stem with modified leaves

stolons runners are above ground stem to reprod­uction

some tendrils are modified stems

many ferns have undergound rhizomes

if water potential is lower inside the cell than outside then its turgid

Turgid - water moves into cell, Ys is large and negative,

symporters transport two compounds together eg) H+ over PM with ions

atmosphere is always dryer than cell surface so it keeps taking water from cell which is replaced by neighbour until it is replaced by xylem, = negative pressure

guttation negative pressure in xylem, transp­iration is very low and soil moisture is very high, water is pushed from soil to leaf surface (out of vein tip and hydath­odes)

night - flaccid, solution concen­tration is the same in guard cells and apoplast

enviro­nem­ental factors can over ride this - water stress - high T (lots of CO2)

how does phloem move? from source (sucrose is accumu­lated into sieve tube by ATP) to sink (uptake of water into phloem) , positive pressure moves water and sucrose by bulk flow

3 phases of physio­logical responses - 1.perc­eption (signal) 2. transd­uction (receptor and messenger molecules)

leaf miners use bacterial endosy­mbiosis to make enough cytokinins to keep plant alive

removal of auxillary bud branching issues and auxillary bug flush add auxin auxilary bug stay dormant and branching is suppressed

Cytokinins - promotes cell division and shoot formation, making them live longer (made in root tips and transp­orted up through plant )

Ethylene - leaf abcission, senesc­ence, ripening, allows seedling to break through soil

photot­ropism - growing towards light, detected by blue light receptors where they touch PM auxin accumu­lates

gravit­ropism - gravity, resting position of statoliths where they touch PM auxin accumu­lates

2 types of photor­eceptor - phytoc­hromes - red light, seed germin­ation and shade avoidance crypto­chromes - blue light, germin­ation, elonga­tion, photop­eri­odism

Pr - stem elongation

cyanob­acteria live in moist locations as well as symbionts

nitrogen fixing cyanob­acteria are an attractice symbiotic partner

N2 fixing prokar­yotes stored in root nodules (protect from oxygen)

cyanob­acteria have high concen­tra­tions of caretenoid pigments

overuse of fertilizer - phosphorus is limiting - leaks into water it can create algae or cyanob­act­erial bloom, creates dead zones in water

unicel­lular = yeasts, multic­ellular = hyphae make up

fungi eat dead and moist plants and animal material, biotro­phs­/pa­rasites

septate make asexual spores into a conidium (beads sausage links)

Chytri­dio­mycetes - aquatic, decomp­osers, parasites, mutual­ists, coenoc­ytics, flagel­lated spores and gams eat algae

soy needs ot be treated before we eat it because it has defence mechanisms that protect seeds

Basidi­omy­cetes - cub fungi, spores on basidium, septate hyphae, sexual only, big diversity, spores exposed to outside, gills, teeth, inside open pores on convoluted outside of the mushroom

eudicots have a fixed number of organs

flowers are aneffi­cient way to commun­icate to pollin­ators and disperse seeds/­com­mun­icate with seed dispersers

1. sepals 2. petals 3. stamen 4. carpel

4 types of modified leaves

perfect vs. imperfect - perfect is f/m imperfect is f or m

angiosperm life cycle - mitiotic divisions make 3 nuclei (1 tube nucleus, 2 sperm nucleus - 1 to egg(zy­gote2n) 1 to polar nuclei­(en­dos­per­m3n))

mature ovary pepicarp has 3 layer ( enocarp, mesocarp, exocarp )

fleshy - berries, drupes and pommes apples and pears each fruitlet of a berry is a drupe

hemice­llulose and pectin are made via golgi apparatus and excytosed to cell wall

pectin plays big role in middle lamella hetero polysa­cch­aride: galact­uronic acid, gel forming making cell walls pliable

cell wall and cell division - cytoki­nisis

Secondary Cell Wall - thick, inside primary, hard and rigid(­cel­lulose, hemice­llulose and pectin), dead, often lignified

apoplast - cell wall space of connected cells symplast = cytoplasm of connected cells

Plastids - chloro­(co­ntain carete­noids, and chloro­phyll), amylo(in starch storage organs), proplast, own genome, self replic­ating, endosy­mbiotic origin,

Vacuole - peanut in an M&M, storage, anthoc­yanin pigments, Cheap growth

tannins denature and precip­itate proteins

dicots root's vascular cylinder froms a solid central core, in monocots its a parenchyma central pth

top and bottom and side walls of roots are impreg­nanted with endodermal cell and are lignified and suberi­nized = apoplastic barrier

pericycle - merist­ematic acticity,, in plant with secondary growth, vascular cork cambium originates here

in roots that undergo secondary growth... cortex and endodermis are destroyed as roots expand in girth from activity of vascular cambium, in old thick roots periderm (made from cork cambium) functi­onally repalces the endodermis

propag­ative roots = cloans

buttress = archit­ectural support, compost bins

fungal hyphae is better than root hairs, (finer and reach furthur)

phyllotaxy - leaf arrang­ement on stem, altern­ate­/sp­iral, opposite, whorled

leaves have different shapes based on age stage

parts of the leaf - petiole, blade, sheath

vein pattern - parall­ell­(mono) or netted(di)

compound leaves - pinnately, palmately

epidermal - gives strength to leaf, transp­arent, cuticle, sotmata, specia­lized cells = trichomes, bulliform

leaf modifi­cations - tendrils, insect traps, bromends

meiosis - same process steps but they do it twice, sexual (crossing over, segreg­ation of alles), 1 cell = 4 cells

diplontic life cycle - mitosis = diploid, meiosis = gamete

altern­ation of generation - meiosis in ovule makes haploid megaspore -> mitosis = female gam, meiosis in anther makes haploid microspore -> mitosis = male gam,

nutrition - auto, mix, hetero

paralytics shellfish poisoning = saxitoxins

Chromo­phyta - brown algae and diatoms, diatoms are important primary producers, rich in lipids and carbs, silica glass cell thickner - alginate

amnestic shellfish poisoning - domoic acid bio accumu­lates

snow algae - green microa­lgae, chlamy­dom­oans, chloro­moans, astaxa­nthins = red colour

Dinofl­age­llates - complez chloro, hetero and auto,

limited resources when female gameto­phyte is out on its own

how will the sperm get in now? via pollen

seed plants - sporophyte dominant hetero­sporous integument microg­ame­tphyte is released new sporophyte is in a seed seed in disperal phase

Ginko no fruit nuts are smelly, and can cause skin irrita­tion, but are delicacy in some places

Conifers old and tall extra tough seeds needles for leaves male cones hold micros­por­angium female­/ov­ulate hold megaso­pra­ngium some cones shatter instead of falling apart many cupres­saceace make globose cones juniper berries are globose cones that have scales that have fused together conifers make lots of resin - absorbed via resin ducts or canals resin has lots of uses amber is fossilized resin