Developmental Principles
1. Development is similar for every child 2. Development builds on early learning 3. Proceeds at an individual rate 4. Development is interrelated 5. You develop all throughout your entire life. Understanding Infants 3
6 to 9 months• rolls both ways• sits without support; stands with assistance• picks up toys with thumb and side of forefinger• moves between sitting and lying down• crawls, creeps or shuffles on bottom9 to 12 months• pulls up into an unsteady stand a month or two before first step• points with index finger |
Developmental Tasks
Smile. Early on, it will be just to herself. But within three months, she’ll be smiling in response to your smiles and trying to get you to smile back at her. Raise her head and chest when on her tummy. Track objects with her eyes and gradually decrease eye crossing. Open and shut her hands and bring hands to her mouth. Grip objects in her hands. Take swipes at or reach for dangling objects, though she usually won’t be able to get them yet. Parts of the Brain 2
Thalamus- The structure has sensory and motor functions Amygdala- involved in memory, emotion, and fear. Hypothalamus- functions including homoeostasis, emotion, thirst, hunger, circadian rhythms, and control of the autonomic nervous system. Hippocampus- learning and memory . . . for converting short term memory to more permanent memory Parts of the Brain 1The Cerebrum- with higher brain function such as thought and action. Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli. Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech Types of ObservationRunning:A detailed narrative account of behavior recorded in a sequential manner as it happens. Anecdotal records: A brief narrative account describing an incident of a child's behavior that is of interest to the observer. Frequency: counts are a record of the number of times a specific behavior occurs within a specific time period. |
Understanding Infants
Head to foot. Long before birth, the baby’s head takes the lead in development. A newborn’s head is still large in proportion to the body. The same head-to-toe pattern continues after birth. Near to far. Development starts at the trunk of the body and moves outward. First, babies simply wave their arms when they see an object they wantSimple to Complex. At first, babies’ main activities are sleeping and eating. Gradually, they learn more complicated tasks Theorsts 1
Reflexes
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Understanding Infants 2
1 to 3 months• prefers looking at high areas of faces: forehead, eyes, mouth visually follows a bright object when it is moved slowly.hands open out from fists. 2 to 4 months• when placed on tummy, baby can lift head and shoulders• can briefly hold a toy when you place it in his palms• brings hands into eye range.4 to 6 months• begins to roll from tummy to back• reaches for objects• brings toys to mouth to explore them Theorsts 2
When/Then – Abuse It/Lose It Principle – “When you have finished your homework, then you may watch TV.”Incompatible Alternative Principle – Give the child something to do that he can’t do while misbehaving.Choice Principle – Give the child two choices, both of which are positive and acceptable to you.Make a Big Deal Principle Make a big deal over responsible, considerate, appropriate behavior with attention,Talk About Them Positively to Others,Modeling Principle |
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Psychology Cheat Sheet by Ilikekittens92
A cheat sheet for Living and Working With Children
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