Organelles
Nucleolus |
where rRNA & ribosomes are synthesized |
Ribosomes |
protein factories |
Peroxisomes |
use converts H₂O₂ to water+O₂ |
Endomembrane System |
regulates protein traffic+metabolic functions |
Nucleus |
holds chromatin, surrounded by nuclear envelope |
Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Rough: makes proteins
Smooth: synthesizes lipids, stores Ca++, detoxifies drugs/poisons |
Golgi Apparatus |
processes, packages, & secretes substances |
Lysosomes |
intracellular digestion |
Mitochondria |
powerhouse of the cell :) (respiration) |
Vacuoles |
storage & pumping out water |
Chloroplast |
absorbs light & synthesize sugar |
Cytoskeleton |
maintains cell shape, flow, positioning |
Centrioles Centrosomes MTOCs |
organize spindle fibers (cell division) |
Cell Wall |
protects, maintains shape, regulates water intake |
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes |
Eukaryotes |
-no internal membranes/organelles
-circular DNA
-small ribosomes
-anaerobic or aerobic metabolism
-no cytoskeleton
-mainly unicellular
-very small |
-membrane-bound organelles
-DNA forms chromosomes
-larger ribosomes
-aerobic metabolism
-cytoskeleton present
-mainly multicellular
-larger cells |
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Water Potential (Ψ= Ψp+ Ψs)
water potential |
potential energy of water to move elsewhere |
solute potential |
tendency of water to move across a permeable membrane into solution (Ψs=-iCRT) |
Types of Cell Communication
Quorum Sensing |
monitors bacteria population density & controls gene expression |
Autocrine Signals |
produced & used by same cell |
Juxtacrine Signals |
physically touching cells (gap junctions, plasmodesmata) |
Paracrine Signals |
adjacent (not touching) cells (synapses, growth factors) |
Endocrine Signals |
for all tissues, long distance (hormones) |
Plasma Membrane Structure
Plasma Membrane Transport
Endocytosis & Exocytosis
|
|
Signal Transduction Pathways- Reception
Reception |
ligand binds to cell membrane or intracellular receptors & activates 2nd messenger |
Ion channel |
allows influx of ions to carry a message |
GPCR |
ligand binds, changes cytoplasmic structure, activates G protein, bonds to GTP, catalyzes cAMP production |
Protein kinase (RTKs) |
ligand binds, aggregates+activates tyrosine kinase regions, activates relay proteins |
Intracellular |
hydrophobic messengers diffuse into the cell and control genes |
Signal Transduction & Response
Signal transduction pathway |
multistep process in which extracellular signal molecules produce a cascade effect |
Second messenger |
intermediate molecule (like cAMP) that distributes+amplifies signal throughout the cell |
Response |
regulation of protein synthesis by turning genes on/off |
Apoptosis
may be engulfed when no longer needed |
cells with genetic damage are replaced |
defense against infection |
signals trigger caspases to carry out apoptosis |
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