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Role as First Aider (4Ps)
Preserve |
Preserve life for life-threatening conditions |
Prevent |
Prevent injury from worsening |
Provide |
Provide comfort and relief after damage is under control |
Promote |
Promote recovery |
Shock Types
Anaphylactic |
Due to Allergic reaction |
Cardiogenic |
Due to myocardial infarction (heart attack) |
Hypovolemic |
Due to severe blood loss (>20%) |
Neurogenic |
Due to damage to central nervous system (eg. spinal cord) |
Septic |
Due to bacterial/viral/fungal infection |
Consciousness Level (AVPU)
Alertness |
If casualty is alert and awake |
Voice |
If casualty can talk |
Pain |
If casualty can feel and respond to pain |
Unresponsive |
If casualty is unresponsive to any stimulant |
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CPR (DRSABC)
Danger |
Check for danger around the casualty |
Response |
Check for response from the casualty |
Shout |
Shout for help (995 & AED) |
Airway |
Clear the airway (head-tilt-chin-lift) |
Breathing |
Check for breathing, and give 2 breathes |
Compression |
Start compression (30-2 cycle) |
Soft Tissue Injury (RICE)
Rest |
Rest the casualty down (chair/floor) |
Ice |
Apply ice or cold pack on the injury |
Compress |
Apply pressure on the injury |
Elevate |
Raise the injury above the heart |
Fracture (DOTS)
Deformity |
If the body part is deformed |
Openess |
If the injury is opened or closed |
Tenderness |
If the injury is tender to the touch |
Swelling |
If there's any swelling on the injury |
Small Burns (4Cs)
Cool |
Cool under running water |
Constrictors |
Remove any constrictors on the casualty |
Cover |
Cover with protective film |
Consult |
Consult medical care |
Stroke (FAST)
Face |
If one side of face is dropped |
Arm |
If one side of body is weak |
Speech |
If speech is slurred |
Time |
Time to call 995 |
Seizure (ACTION)
Assess |
Check for danger around the casualty |
Cushion |
Cushion the head from hitting the ground |
Time |
How long has the seizure continued |
Identification |
Over |
Is it over? |
Never |
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