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This contains the content for Unit 1 for the 2021 AP Bio Exam. It includes the following: The structure and chemical properties of water, the makeup and properties of macromolecules, the structure of DNA and RNA.
Water
Polar (H2O) |
Solvent |
Cohesive Properties: Surface Tension & Adhesion |
Thermal Properties: High Specific Heat |
Water Vocab
Surface Tension: Measure of how hard it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension b/c of the H bonding of surface molecules. |
Adhesion: Substances stick to each other. Water sticks to plant cells walls from H bonding. |
High Specific Heat: Before temp increase, water must absorb a lot of heat. |
Hydrophilic: Water-loving |
Hydrophobic: Water-fearing |
Water pH
H+ = OH- (neutral ph) |
H+ > OH- (acidic) |
H+ < OH- (basic) |
pH Scale
0-6 = Acidic |
7 = Neutral |
8-14 = Basic |
Functional Groups
Hydroxyl |
OH |
Polar |
Methyl |
CH3 |
Nonpolar |
Carbonyl |
C=O |
Polar |
Carboxyl |
COOH |
Acidic |
Amino |
NH2 |
Basic |
Sulfhydryl |
SH |
Polar |
Phosphate |
PO4 |
Acidic |
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Elements of Life
Carbon. |
Oxygen. |
Hydrogen. |
Nitrogen. |
Phosphorus. |
Sulfur. |
Sodium. |
Calcium. |
Iron. |
Macromolecules
Macromolecules |
Monomers |
Carbs |
Monosaccharides |
Proteins |
Amino acids |
Lipids |
Fatty acids |
Nucleic Acids |
Nucleotides |
Nucleotide Parts
Phosphate Group |
5-C Sugar |
Nitrogenous Base |
DNA vs. RNA
DNA |
RNA |
A - T |
A - U |
G - C |
G - C |
Double-stranded |
Single-stranded |
Deoxyribose sugar |
Ribose sugar |
Pyrimidines
Cytosine |
Uracil |
Thymine |
*Think: CUT PIE |
Purines
Adenine |
Guanine |
*Think: GREEN APPLES are PURE! |
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