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  /Title (chapter-4-epidemiology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (zuzudobleP)
  /Subject (Chapter 4 Epidemiology Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Chapter 4 Epidemiology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{zuzudobleP} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/215868/cs/47059/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}zuzudobleP \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/zuzudoblep} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 22nd September, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Exam}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Key terms:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Crude Rate = total \# of events ÷ population size (not adjusted). Limitation: Does not consider age, sex, or other differences. Adjusted Rate = rate modified for a factor (like age) to allow fair comparison. Specific Rate = rate for subgroup (e.g., age-specific, cause-specific).} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Data Presentation:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Tables: rows/columns with cases + totals. Graphs: histogram, line graph, pie chart. Epidemic Curve: shows outbreak start, peak, decline.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Study Desing:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Cohort Study → gives incidence \& RR. Case-Control → gives OR. Cross-Sectional → gives prevalence.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Standardization of Rates:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Needed to fairly compare groups (ex: young vs. old populations). Crude rate: overall, unadjusted. Specific rate: subgroup (age-specific, sex-specific). Adjusted rate: mathematically corrected (direct/indirect standardization).} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Key Notes:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}High prevalence, low incidence → disease lasts long. Low prevalence, high incidence → short disease duration or fast death/cure. Rates help show risk factors, prevention targets, health priorities.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Incidence = Incoming cases Prevalence = Present cases Mortality = Memory of deaths} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Descriptive vs Analytic Epidemiology} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Descriptive epidemiology = Who, what, when, where.→ describes distribution of health events (person, place, time). → Helps generate hypotheses.   Analytic epidemiology = Why, how → studies determinants and risk factors. → Tests hypotheses.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Exam (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Prevalence-} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Focus: existing cases of disease. Tells how common disease is in a population. Two types: Point prevalence (specific time point) Period prevalence (time interval, ex: last year).} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Ecological Fallacy:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Definition: Making wrong conclusion about individuals based on group data. Example: Countries with more doctors per person have lower mortality. But not every individual in that country sees a doctor.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(Study), What It Does-{}-Strength-{}-Weakness (Case Repor), One patient unusual disease-{}-Fast, simple-{}-Cannot generalize (Case Series), Many cases same disease-{}-Detect patterns-{}-No comparison group (Cross-Sectional), Snapshot of exposure + disease-{}-Cheap, shows prevalence-{}-Cannot tell cause-effect (Ecologic), Group-level data compare (e.g., country rates)-{}-Easy, large data-{}-Ecologic fallacy (group ≠ individual)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Incidence Rate (IR):}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\seqsplit{IR=Newcases÷Populationatrisk(overtime)IR=Newcases÷Populationatrisk(overtime)} → shows risk of getting disease. Cumulative Incidence: Proportion of people who develop disease during time period. Prevalence (P): \seqsplit{P=Existingcases÷TotalpopulationP=Existingcases÷Totalpopulation} → shows burden of disease. Mortality Rate (MR): \seqsplit{MR=Deaths÷PopulationMR=Deaths÷Population} → describes severity of disease. Person-Time: Accounts for different lengths of follow-up. Example: 100 people followed for 1 year = 100 person-years.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{chronic conditions and their risk factors}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is?}}  \tn
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Host- the living thing that germs use to survive. & example:If a person catches the flu, that person is the host because the flu virus is living and growing inside their body. \tn 
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Agent- the "troublemaker" that starts the sickness. & example: The influenza virus, which causes the flu \tn 
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Environment- everything around us that helps or blocks disease spread. & example: Warm climate + presence of mosquitoes + stagnant water \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{References}}  \tn
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Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., \& Lash, T. L. (2021). Modern Epidemiology (4th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. & Merrill, Ray M. Introduction to Epidemiology. 9th ed., Jones \& Bartlett Learning, 2022. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Class Chapter 4 Quiz(12 Q)} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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