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% Document Info
\author{zpms1207}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (respiratory-system.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (zpms1207)
  /Subject (Respiratory System Cheat Sheet)
}

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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Respiratory System Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{zpms1207} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/147948/cs/32198/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}zpms1207 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/zpms1207} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 27th May, 2022.\\
   Updated 27th May, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.56 cm} x{5.44 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lung Anatomy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Occupy all of the thoracic cavity {\emph{except}} mediastinum} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Root}} & site of vascular, bronchial attachments \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Costal surface}} & anterior, lateral, posterior surfaces \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structures of the Lungs}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/zpms1207_1653615189_Screen Shot 2022-05-27 at 11.32.23 am.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.72 cm} x{5.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Upper Respiratory Tract}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{conduction, filtration, humidification and warming of inhaled air}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Nasal Cavity}} & Nasal conchae, nasal vestibule, nostril \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Paranasal Sinuses}} & Maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Pharynx}} & Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Larynx (superior)}} & Vocal cords, epiglottis, vestibular fold, thyroid cartilage, vocal fold, cricoid cartilage, thyroid gland \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.16 cm} x{5.84 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lower Respiratory Tract}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{conduction, gas exchange}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Trachea}} & cervical, thoracic \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Bronchi}} & left primary bronchus, right primary bronchus \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Bronchioles}} & respiratory bronchiole, terminally bronchiole, alveoli \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Lungs}} & left lung, right lung (larger) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functional Anatomy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Respiratory zone: site of gas exchange}} & Microscopic structures: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar, ducts, alveoli \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Alveoli}} & \textasciitilde{}300 million alveoli account for most of the lungs' volume, {\bf{{\emph{main site for gas exchange}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Surrounded by fine elastic fibres \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Contain open pores that connect adjacent alveoli, allow air pressure throughout lung to be equalised \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & House alveolar macrophages that keep alveolar surfaces sterile \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Conducting zone}} & Conduits to gas exchange sites \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{Includes all other respiratory structures}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Trachea}} & Windpipe: from larynx into mediastinum \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Wall composed of 3 layers: mucosa, submucosa, adventitia \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functional Anatomy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Carina: Last tracheal cartilage, point where trachea branches into two bronchi \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Conducting zone structures}} & Trachea\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}right and left primary bronchi \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Primary bronchus\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}secondary bronchi\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}3rd, 4th etc. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Bronchioles: \textless{} 1mm diameter \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Terminal bronchioles: \textless{} 0.5mm diameter \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Respiratory muscles}} & Diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.76 cm} x{3.648 cm} x{3.192 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Respiratory Volumes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Adult Male average}} & {\bf{Adult Female average}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Tidal volume (TV)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 500mL & 500mL \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{amount of air inhaled/exhaled each breath at rest}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 3100mL & 1900mL \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{amount of air during forceful inhalation after normal TV}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 1200mL & 700mL \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{amount of air during forceful exhalation after normal TV exhalation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Residual volume (RV)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 1200mL & 1100mL \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{amount of air remaining in lungs after forced exhalation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.76 cm} x{3.648 cm} x{3.192 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Respiratory Capacities}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Adult Male average}} & {\bf{Adult Female average}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Total lung capacity (TLC)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 6000mL & 4200mL \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{max amount of air contained in lungs after max inspiratory effort: TLC = TV+IRV+ERV+RV}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Vital capacity (VC)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 4800mL & 3100mL \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{max amount of air that can be expired after max inspiratory effort: VC = TV+IRV+ERV}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Inspiratory capacity (IC)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 3600mL & 2400mL \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{max amount of air that can be inspired after normal expiration: IC = TV+IRV}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Functional residual capacity (FRC)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2400mL & 1800mL \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{volume of air remaining in lungs after normal TV expiration: FRC = ERV+RV}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.44 cm} x{4.56 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pulmonary Function Tests}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Spirometer}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{instrument used to measure respiratory volumes/capacities}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Can distinguish between & Obstructive pulmonary disease: increased airway resistance e.g. bronchitis, asthma \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Restrictive disorders: reduction in TLC due to structural/functional lung changes e.g. fibrosis, tuberculosis (TB) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Minute ventilation & Total amount of gas flow into/out of respiratory tract in 1 minute \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Forced vital capacity (FVC) & Gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Forced expiratory volume (FEV) & Amount of gas expelled during specific time intervals of FVC \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.84 cm} x{4.16 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Partial Pressure Gradient}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures}} & Total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is the sum of pressures exerted by each \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Example:}} & Atmospheric pressure is 760mmHg at sea level \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Oxygen constitutes \textasciitilde{}21\% of the atmosphere \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{21\% x 760 = 159mmHg}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanisms of Breathing: Pulmonary Ventilation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Inspiration and expiration}} & Inspiration: gases flow into lungs \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Expiration: gases exit the lungs \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Mechanical processes dependant on volume changes in thoracic cavity}} & Volume changes\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}pressure changes \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Pressure changes\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}gases flow to equalise pressure \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Boyle's Law}} & Relationship between pressure and volume of a gas \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanics of Breathing: Inspiration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Inspiration}} & {\bf{Expiration}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Sequence of events}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. Inspiratory muscles contract \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}diaphragm descends, rib cage rises & 1. Inspiratory muscles relax\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}diaphragm rises, rib cage descends due to costal cartilage recoil \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
2. Thoracic cavity volume increases & 2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. Lungs are stretched\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}intrapulmonary volume increases & 3. Elastic lungs recoil passively\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}intrapulmonary volume decreases \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
4. Intrapulmonary pressure drops \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}-1mmHg & 4. Intrapulmonary pressure rises\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}+1mmHg \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
5. Air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary volume = 0 {\emph{(equal to atmospheric pressure)}} & 5. Air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Internal Respiration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Capillary gas exchange in body tissues}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Partial pressures and diffusion gradients are reversed compared to external respiration}} & pO2 in tissue is always lower than in systemic arterial blood \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & pO2 of venous blood in 40mmHg \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & pCO2 is 45mmHg \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.32 cm} x{5.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{External Respiration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Exchange of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Influenced by:}} & Partial pressure gradients \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Gas solubilities \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) coupling \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Structural characteristics of the respiratory membrane \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Control of Respiration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Medullary Respiratory Centres}} & {\bf{Pontine Respiratory Centres}} & {\bf{Chemical Factors}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Involves neurons in the reticular formation of the medulla and pons}} & Influence and modify activity of the VRG & {\bf{Influence of pO2}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{1. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)}} & Smooth out tradition between \seqsplit{inspiration/expiration} and vice versa & \{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Peripheral \seqsplit{chemoreceptors} in the aortic and carotid bodies are O2 sensors \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Near the root of cranial nerve IX &  & {\emph{(when excited, they cause respiratory centres to increase ventilation)}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Integrates input from peripheral stretch and \seqsplit{chemoreceptors} &  & \{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Substantial drops in arterial pO2 (to 60mmHg) must occur in order to stimulate increased ventilation \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Control of Respiration (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{2. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)}} &  & {\bf{Influence of arterial pH}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Rhythm-generating and integrative centre &  & \{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Can modify respiratory rate/rhythm even if CO2 and O2 levels are normal \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Sets eupnea (12-15 breaths/min) &  & \{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Decreased pH may reflect CO2 retention, accumulation of lactic acids, excess ketone bodies in diabetic Pts \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 10)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Inspiratory neurone excite the inspiratory muscles via the phrenic and intercostal nerves &  & \{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Respiratory system controls will attempt to raise the pH by increasing respiratory rate and depth \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 9)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Expiratory neurone inhibit the inspiratory neurone} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Oxygen Transport}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Molecular O2 is carried in the blood}} & 1.5\% dissolved in plasma \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 98.5\% loosely bound to each Fe of haemoglobin (Hb) in RBCs \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 4x bound O2 per Hb \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{O2 and Hemoglobin}} & Oxyhemoglobin (HBO2): hemoglobin-O2 combination \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Reduced hemoglobin (HSB): haemoglobin that has released O2 \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Influence of pO2 on Hemoglobin Saturation}} & Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Shows how binding and release of O2 is influenced by the pO2 \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Hemoglobin Saturation Influencing Factors}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Increases in temperature, H+, pCO2, and 2,3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG) & Modify Hb structure decreasing affinity for O2 \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Occur in systemic capillaries \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Increases O2 unloading \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Shifts HbO2 dissociation curve to the right \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Oxygen Transport (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{Decreases in these factors shift the curve to the left by decreasing O2 unloading}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carbon Dioxide Transport}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{CO2 is transported in the blood in three forms}} & 7-10\% dissolved in plasma \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 20\% bound to globin of Hb {\emph{(carbaminohemoglobin)}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 70\% transported as bicarbonate ions {\emph{(HCO3-)}} in plasma \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which quickly dissociates}} & CO2 + H2O \{\{fa-arrows-h\}\} H2CO3 \{\{fa-arrows-h\}\} H+ + HCO3- \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{In systemic capillaries}} & HCO3- quickly diffuses from RBCs into plasma \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Chloride shift occurs when outrush of HCO3- from the RBCs is balanced as Cl- moves in from plasma \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{In pulmonary capillaries}} & HCO3- moves into RBCs, binds with H+ to form H2CO3 \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & H2CO3 is split by carbonic anhydrase into CO2 and H2O \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & CO2 diffuses into the alveoli \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}