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  /Title (computer-networks.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (xoulea)
  /Subject (Computer Networks Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Computer Networks Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{xoulea} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/198356/cs/41956/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}xoulea \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/xoulea} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 5th January, 2024.\\
   Updated 5th January, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.976 cm} x{1.748 cm} x{3.876 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{OSI Layers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Layers}} & {\bf{Data Units}} & {\bf{Functions}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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{\emph{Application Layer}} & Data & Mail Services, Directory Services, FTAM \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
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{\emph{Presentation Layer}} & Data & \seqsplit{Encryption/Decryption}, Compression \tn 
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{\emph{Session Layer}} & Data & Session Establishment, Synchronization, Dialog Controller \tn 
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{\emph{Transport Layer}} & Segments, Datagram & Segmentation \tn 
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{\emph{Network Layer}} & Packets & Traffic control, Fragmentation, Routing \tn 
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{\emph{Data Link Layer}} & Frames & Flow control, Error control, Access control \tn 
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{\emph{Physical Layer}} & Bits & Bit Synchronization, Bit rate control, Physical Topologies \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{OSI x TCP/IP Model}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/xoulea_1704482721_2024-01-05 14_58_38-20220513 - Redes de Computadores - Underversidade.pptx  -  Modo de Exibição Prot.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Networks}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Type}} & {\bf{Description}} \tn 
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PAN & Personal  Network is a network consisting of only a small number of devices owned by an individual. \tn 
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LAN & A local area network is a network that covers a small area (for example, a company's network). \tn 
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WAN & A wide Area Network is a network that includes many devices and covers a large area. Usually collectively owned. \tn 
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MAN & MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. It is a computer network that connects a findnumber of LANs to form a larger network so that the computer resources can be shared. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.16 cm} x{5.84 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Network Topologies}}  \tn
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{\bf{Name}} & {\bf{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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Bus Topology & A bus topology, also called a line topology, is a type of network topology in which all network devices are connected through a central RJ-45 network cable or coaxial cable. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
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Ring Topology & A ring topology is a type of network topology in which each device is connected to two other devices on either side using RJ-45  or coaxial cables. \tn 
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Star Topology & A star topology is a network topology in which each element of the network is physically connected to a central node such as a router, hub, or switch. In a star topology, hubs act as servers, and connecting nodes act as clients. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 8)
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Mesh Topology & In a mesh topology, each node is connected to at least one other node and often to multiple nodes. Each node can send and receive messages from other nodes. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
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Tree Topology & A tree topology is a hybrid network topology in which star networks are interconnected by bus networks. Tree networks are hierarchical and each node can have any number of child nodes. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 7)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.16 cm} x{5.84 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Network Topologies (cont)}}  \tn
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Hybrid Topology & A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that uses two or more different network topologies. These topologies can include mixed bus topologies, mesh topologies, ring topologies, star topologies, and tree topologies. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantages vs. Disadvantages Network Topologies}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{BUS TOPOLOGY}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\emph{Advantages}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
  - It is the easiest network topology for connecting peripherals or computers in a linear fashion. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
  - It works very efficiently well when there is a small network. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
  - The length of cable required is less than a star topology. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
  - It is easy to connect or remove devices in this network without affecting any other device. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
  - Very cost-effective as compared to other network topology i.e. mesh and star \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
  - It is easy to understand topology. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
  - Easy to expand by joining the two cables together. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
{\emph{Disadvantages}} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
  - Bus topology is not great for large networks. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
  - Identification of problems becomes difficult if the whole network goes down. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
  - Troubleshooting individual device issues is very hard. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
  - Need terminators are required at both ends of the main cable. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
  - Additional devices slow the network down. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
  - If the main cable is damaged, the whole network fails or splits into two. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
  - Packet loss is high. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
  - This network topology is very slow as compared to other topologies. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
{\bf{STAR TOPOLOGY}} \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantages vs. Disadvantages Network Topologies (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Advantages}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
  - It is very reliable – if one cable or device fails then all the others will still work \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
  - It is high-performing as no data collisions can occur \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
  - Less expensive because each device only need one I/O port and wishes to be connected with hub with one link. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
  - Easier to put in \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
  - Robust in nature \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
  - Easy fault detection because the link are often easily identified. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
  - No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
  - Each device requires just one port i.e. to attach to the hub. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
  - If N devices are connected to every other in star, then the amount of cables required to attach them is N. So, it's easy to line up. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
{\emph{Disadvantages}} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
  - Requires more cable than a linear bus . \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
  - If the connecting network device (network switch) fails, nodes attached are disabled and can't participate in network communication. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 3)
  - More expensive than linear bus topology due to the value of the connecting devices (network switches) \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 3)
  - If hub goes down everything goes down, none of the devices can work without hub. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
  - Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance because it's the central system of star . \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantages vs. Disadvantages Network Topologies (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{  - Extra hardware is required (hubs or switches) which adds to cost \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
  - Performance is predicated on the one concentrator i.e. hub. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
{\bf{RING TOPOLOGY}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
{\emph{Advantages}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
  - In this data flows in one direction which reduces the chance of packet collisions. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
  - In this topology additional workstations can be added after without impacting performance of the network. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
  - Equal access to the resources. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
  - There is no need of server to control the connectivity among the nodes in the topology. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
  - It is cheap to install and expand. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
  - Minimum collision. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
  - Speed to transfer the data is very high in this type of topology. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
  - Due to the presence of token passing the performance of ring topology becomes better than bus topology under heavy traffic. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
  - Easy to manage. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
  - Ring network is extremely orderly organized where every device has access to the token and therefore the opportunity to transmit. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 3)
{\emph{Disadvantages}} \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
  - Due to the Uni-directional Ring, a data packet (token) must have to pass through all the nodes. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
  - If one workstation shuts down, it affects whole network or if a node goes down entire network goes down. \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantages vs. Disadvantages Network Topologies (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{  - It is slower in performance as compared to the bus topology \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
  - It is Expensive. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
  - Addition and removal of any node during a network is difficult and may cause issue in network activity. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
  - Difficult to troubleshoot the ring. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
  - In order for all the computer to communicate with each other, all computer must be turned on. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
  - Total dependence in on one cable. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
  - They were not Scalable. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
{\bf{MESH TOPOLOGY}} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
{\emph{Advantage}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
  - Failure during a single device won't break the network. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
  - There is no traffic problem as there is a dedicated point to point links for every computer. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
  - Fault identification is straightforward. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
  - This topology provides multiple paths to succeed in the destination and tons of redundancy. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
  - It provides high privacy and security. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
  - Data transmission is more consistent because failure doesn't disrupt its processes. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
  - Adding new devices won't disrupt data transmissions. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
  - This topology has robust features to beat any situation. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
  - A mesh doesn't have a centralized authority. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
{\emph{Disadvantage}} \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantages vs. Disadvantages Network Topologies (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{  - It's costly as compared to the opposite network topologies i.e. star, bus, point to point topology. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
  - Installation is extremely difficult in the mesh. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
  - Power requirement is higher as all the nodes will need to remain active all the time and share the load. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
  - Complex process. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
  - The cost to implement mesh is above other selections. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
  - There is a high risk of redundant connections. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
  - Each node requires a further utility cost to think about. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
  - Maintenance needs are challenging with a mesh. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
{\bf{TREE TOPOLOGY}} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
{\emph{Advantage}} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
  - This topology is the combination of bus and star topology. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
  - This topology provides a hierarchical as well as central data arrangement of the nodes. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
  - As the leaf nodes can add one or more nodes in the hierarchical chain, this topology provides high scalability. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 3)
  - The other nodes in a network are not affected if one of their nodes gets damaged or does not work. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 3)
  - Tree topology provides easy maintenance and easy fault identification can be done. \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantages vs. Disadvantages Network Topologies (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{  - A callable topology. Leaf nodes can hold more nodes. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
  - Supported by several hardware and software vendors. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
  - Point-to-point wiring for individual segments. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
  - Tree Topology is highly secure. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
  - It is used in WAN. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
  - Tree Topology is reliable. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
{\emph{Disadvantage}} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
  - This network is very difficult to configure as compared to the other network topologies. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
  - The length of a segment is limited \& the limit of the segment depends on the type of cabling used. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
  - Due to the presence of a large number of nodes, the network performance of tree topology becomes a bit slow. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
  - If the computer on the first level is erroneous, the next-level computer will also go under problems. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
  - Requires a large number of cables compared to star and ring topology. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
  - As the data needs to travel from the central cable this creates dense network traffic. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
  - The Backbone appears as the failure point of the entire segment of the network. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
  - Treatment of the topology is pretty complex. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
  - The establishment cost increases as well. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
  - If the bulk of nodes is added to this network, then the maintenance will become complicated. \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantages vs. Disadvantages Network Topologies (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{HYBRID TOPOLOGY}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\emph{Advantages}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
  - This type of topology combines the benefits of different types of topologies in one topology. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
  - Can be modified as per requirement. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
  - It is extremely flexible. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
  - It is very reliable. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
  - It is easily scalable as Hybrid networks are built in a fashion which enables easy integration of new hardware components. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
  - Error detecting and troubleshooting are easy. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
  - Handles a large volume of traffic. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
  - It is used to create large networks. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
  - The speed of the topology becomes fast when two topologies are put together. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
{\emph{Disadvantages}} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
  - It is a type of network expensive. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
  - The design of a hybrid network is very complex. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
  - There is a change in the hardware to connect one topology with another topology. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
  - Usually, hybrid architectures are larger in scale so they require a lot of cables in the installation process. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 3)
  - Hubs which are used to connect two distinct networks are very costly. And hubs are different from usual hubs as they need to be intelligent enough to work with different architectures. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 4)
  - Installation is a difficult process. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
{\emph{Uses}} \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantages vs. Disadvantages Network Topologies (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{  - Hybrid Topology helps in keeping the full diversity of the computer network. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
  - Hybrid Topology is helpful when we require more than one topology in the system. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
  - Hybrid Topology helps in reducing the cost of the overall system. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
  - Hybrid Topology helps in easily running the system. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
  - Hybrid Topology is widely used in educational institutes, research organizations, finance sectors, etc.% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.84 cm} x{4.16 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Type of Multiplexers}}  \tn
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{\bf{Type}} & {\bf{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) & The frequency spectrum is divided into logical channels and each user has exclusive access to his channel. It transmits signals in several different frequency ranges and  multiple video channels over a single cable. Each signal is modulated onto a different carrier frequency and the carrier frequencies are separated by guard bands. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 17)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) & Each user  gets full bandwidth for a short period of time on a regular basis. The entire channel is dedicated to her one user, but only for a short  time. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Wavelength Division Multiplexing & This is the same as FDM but applied to fiber, with the difference  that here the operating frequency is much higher, actually  in the optical range. Due to its extremely high bandwidth, fiber optic has great potential. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.16 cm} x{5.84 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Network Devices}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Device}} & {\bf{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Client & Any device, such as a workstation, laptop, tablet, or smartphone, that is used to access a network. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Server & Provides resources to network users, including email, web pages, or files. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Hub & A Layer 1 device that does not perform any inspection of traffic. A hub simply receives traffic in a port and repeats that traffic out of all the other ports. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Switch & A Layer 2 device that makes its forwarding decisions based on the destination Media Access Control (MAC) address. A switch learns which devices reside off which ports by examining the source MAC address. The switch then forwards traffic only to the appropriate port, and not to all the other ports. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 11)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Router & A Layer 3 device that makes forwarding decisions based on Internet Protocol (IP) addressing. Based on the routing table, the router intelligently forwards the traffic out of the appropriate interface. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.16 cm} x{5.84 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Network Devices (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Multilayer} & Can operate at both Layer 2 and Layer 3. Also called a Layer 3 switch, a multilayer switch is a high-performance device that can switch traffic within the LAN and for- ward packets between subnets. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Media & Media can be copper cabling, fiber-optic cabling, or radio waves. Media varies in its cost, bandwidth capacity, and distance limitation. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Analog Modem & Modem is short for modulator/demodulator. An analog modem converts the digital signals generated by a computer into analog signals that can travel over conventional phone lines. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Broadband Modem & A digital modem used with high-speed DSL or cable Internet service. Both operate in a similar manner to the analog modem, but use higher broadband frequencies and transmission speeds. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Access Point & A network device with a built-in antenna, transmitter, and adapter that provides a connection point between WLANs and a wired Ethernet LAN. APs usually have several wired RJ-45 ports to support LAN clients. Most small office or home office (SOHO) routers integrate an AP. \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.84 cm} x{6.16 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IEEE Standards}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{*Standards}} & {\emph{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
IEEE 802 & LAN/MAN \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IEEE 802.1 & LAN/MAN Bridging and management \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
IEEE 802.1s & Multiple spanning tree \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IEEE 802.1 w & Rapid reconfiguration of spanning tree \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
IEEE 802.1x & Port-based network access control \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IEEE 802.2 & Logical Link Control (LLC) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
IEEE 802.3 & CSMA/CD access method (Ethernet) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IEEE 802.3ae & 10 Gigabit Ethernet \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
IEEE 802.4 & Token passing bus access method and Physical layer specifications \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IEEE 802.5 & Token Ring access method and Physical layer specifications \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
IEEE 802.6 & Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) access method and Physical layer specifications (MAN) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IEEE 802.7 & Broadband LAN \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
IEEE 802.8 & Fiber Optic \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IEEE 802.9 & Isochronous LANs (standard withdrawn) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.84 cm} x{6.16 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IEEE Standards (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IEEE 802.10 & Interoperable LAN/MAN Security \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
IEEE 802.11 & Wireless LAN MAC and Physical layer specifications \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IEEE 802.11a & Wireless with speed upto 54 Mbps \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
IEEE 802.11b & Wireless with speed upto 11 Mbps \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IEEE 802.11g & Wireless with speed upto 54 Mbps \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
IEEE 802.11n & Wireless with speed upto 600 Mbps \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IEEE 802.12 & Demand-priority access method, physical layer and repeater specifications \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
IEEE 802.13 & not used \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IEEE 802.14 & Cable modems (proposed standard was withdrawn) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
IEEE 802.15 & Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IEEE 802.16 & Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (Wireless MAN) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
IEEE 802.17 & Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) Access \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.304 cm} x{1.008 cm} x{2.376 cm} x{1.512 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cables (according to IEEE)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Ethernet Standards}} & {\bf{Data Rate}} & {\bf{Cable Fiber Type}} & {\bf{Maximum Distance}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Ethernet (10Base-FL) & 10 Mbps & 50m or 62.5um Multimode @ 850nm & 2km \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Fast Ethernet \seqsplit{(100Base-FX)} & 100 Mbps & 50m or 62.5um Multimode @ 1300nm & 2km \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Fast Ethernet \seqsplit{(100Base-SX)} & 100 Mbps & 50m or 62.5um Multimode @ 850nm & 300m \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Gigabit Ethernet \seqsplit{(1000Base-SX)} & 1000 Mbps & 50m Multimode @ 850nm & 550m \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Gigabit Ethernet \seqsplit{(1000Base-SX)} & 1000 Mbps & 62.5um Multimode @ 850nm & 220m \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Gigabit Ethernet \seqsplit{(1000Base-LX)} & 1000 Mbps & 50m or 62.5um Multimode @ 1300nm & 550m \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Gigabit Ethernet \seqsplit{(1000Base-LX)} & 1000 Mbps & 9um Singlemode @1310nm & 5km \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Gigabit Ethernet \seqsplit{(1000Base-LH)} & 1000 Mbps & 9um Singlemode @1550nm & 70km \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Ethernet Networks}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Speed}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{10 Mbps} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{100 Mbps} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1000 Mbps} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1000 Mbps} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{10 Gbps} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.56 cm} x{5.44 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transmission Media (Guided Media)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Type of Media}} & {\bf{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Twisted Pair Cable & It is a superimposed winding of two separately insulated conductors. As a rule, several such pairs are grouped together in a protective cover. They are the most widely used transmission media. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Coaxial Cable & It has a PVC or Teflon insulating layer and an outer plastic sheath containing two parallel conductors, each with a separate conformal protective cover. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Optical Fiber Cable & It uses the concept of light reflection  through a  glass or plastic core. The core is surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic shell called the cladding. Used to transfer large amounts of data. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stripline & Stripline is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission line medium invented by Robert M. Barrett at the Air Force Cambridge Research Center in the 1950s. Stripline is the earliest form of  planar transmission line. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.56 cm} x{5.44 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transmission Media (Guided Media) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Microstripline} & Conductive material is separated from the ground plane by a dielectric layer. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.52 cm} x{3.876 cm} x{2.204 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mode of Communication}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Type}} & {\bf{Description}} & {\bf{Example}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Simplex Mode & In simplex mode,  communication is one-way, like one-way. Only one of the two devices on the link can transmit, the other can only receive. Simplex mode allows data to be sent in one direction using the full capacity of the channel. & \seqsplit{Television/Radio} Signal \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 12)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Half-Duplex} Mode & In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time. When one device transmits, the other device can only receive and vice versa. Half-duplex mode is used when simultaneous communication in both directions is not required. & \seqsplit{Walkie-Talkie} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 13)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Full-Duplex} Mode & In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive at the same time. In full-duplex mode, signals  in one direction share the capacity of the link with signals  in the other direction. This sharing can be done in two ways:  Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission paths, one for sending and the other for receiving. Or the capacity is divided between signals traveling in both directions. & Telephone call \tn 
% Row Count 48 (+ 22)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.792 cm} x{0.864 cm} x{2.736 cm} x{2.808 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Layers and their uses}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{TCP/IP}} & {\bf{OSI}} & {\bf{Protocols}} & {\bf{Devices/Apps}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Application} & \seqsplit{Application} & DNS, DHCP, FTP, HTTPS, IMAP, LDAP, NTP, POP3, RTP, RTSP, SSH, SIP, SMTP, SNMP, Telnet, TFTP & Web server, Mail Server, browser, mail client \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Application} & \seqsplit{Presentation} & JPEG, MIDI, MPEG, PICT, TIFF & Web server, Mail Server, browser, mail client \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Application} & \seqsplit{Session} & NetBIOS, NFS, PAP, SCP, SQL, ZIP & Web server, Mail Server, browser, mail client \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Transport} & \seqsplit{Transport} & TCP, UDP, SPX, AppleTalk & Gateway \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Internet} & \seqsplit{Network} & ICMP, IGMP, IPsec, IPv4, IPv6, IPX, RIP & Router, Firewall (Layer 3), Switch \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Link & Data Link & ARP, ATM, CDP, FDDI, Frame Relay, HDLC, MPLS, PPP, STP, Token Ring & Bridge, Switch (Layer 2) \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Link & \seqsplit{Physical} & Bluetooth, Ethernet, DSL, ISDN, 802.11 Wi-Fi & Hub \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Collision Detection}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Type}} & {\bf{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) & In this method, after sending a frame, the station monitors the media to see if the transmission was successful. If successful, the transmission is terminated, otherwise the frame is retransmitted. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) & The basic idea behind CSMA/CA is that stations must be able to receive while transmitting in order to detect collisions from different stations. A collision in a wired network nearly doubles the energy of the received signal, allowing stations to detect a potential collision. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 14)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
ALOHA & It was developed for wifi, but can also be used for shared media. Multiple stations can transmit data at the same time, which can  lead to collisions and data corruption. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transmission Media (Unguided Media)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Type of Media}} & {\bf{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Radio waves & hese are easy to generate and can penetrate  buildings. There is no need to align the transmit and receive antennas. Frequency Range: 3kHz – 1GHz AM radios, FM radios, and cordless phones use radio waves for transmission. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Microwaves & Multiplexer types: line-of-sight transmission. H. Transmitting and receiving antennas should be placed properly. The distance a signal travels is directly proportional to the height of the antenna. Frequency Range: 1GHz – 300GHz They are mainly used for mobile telephony and television distribution. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 11)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Infrared & Infrared is used for  short distance communication. Obstacles cannot be penetrated. This prevents interference between systems. Frequency Range: 300GHz – 400THz It is used in TV remote controls, wireless mice, keyboards, printers, etc. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.052 cm} x{4.028 cm} x{1.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Computer Network Protocols}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Network Protocol}} & {\bf{Description}} & {\bf{Port Number}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Ethernet & A family of protocols that specify how devices on the same network segment format and transmit data. & 44818, 2222 \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Wi-Fi or WLAN & A family of protocols that deal with wireless transmission. & - \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
TCP & Splits data into packets (reassembles later). Error checking is also included, as the acknowledgment is expected to be sent within a specified timeframe. & 22 \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
UDP & User Datagram Protocol & \seqsplit{4096-65535} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
IP & Every device has an IP address. Packets are "addressed" to ensure they reach the correct user. & - \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
HTTP & Used to access web pages from a web server. & 80 \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
HTTP'S & uses encryption to protect data. & 443 \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.052 cm} x{4.028 cm} x{1.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Computer Network Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
FTP & File Transfer Protocol: Handles file uploads and downloads, transferring data and programs. & 21 \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
SMTP & SMTP server has a database of user email addresses. Internet Message Access Protocol: Handles incoming mail. & 587 \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IMAP & Internet Message Access Protocol: Process incoming mail. & 993 \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
ARP & ARP finds a host's hardware address (also known as MAC (Media Access Control) address) based on its known IP address. & - \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
DNS & DNS is the host name for the IP address translation service. DNS is a distributed database implemented on a hierarchy of name servers. It is an application layer protocol for messaging between clients and servers. & 53 \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.052 cm} x{4.028 cm} x{1.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Computer Network Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
FTPS & FTPS is known as FTP SSL which refers to File Transfer Protocol (FTP) over Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) which is more secure from FTP. FTPS also called as File Transfer Protocol Secure. & 21 \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
POP3 & POP3 is a simple protocol that only allows downloading messages from your Inbox to your local computer. & 110 \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
SIP & Session Initiation Protocol was designed by IETF and is described in RFC 3261. It's the protocol of application layer that describes the way to found out Internet telephone calls, video conferences and other multimedia connections, manage them and terminate them. & 5060,5061 \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 13)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
SMB & The SMB protocol was developed by Microsoft for direct file sharing over local networks. & 139 \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.052 cm} x{4.028 cm} x{1.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Computer Network Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
SNMP & SNMP is an application layer protocol that uses UDP port numbers 161/162. SNMP is also used to monitor networks, detect network errors, and sometimes configure remote devices. & 161 \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
SSH & SSH (Secure Shell) is the permissions used by the SSH protocol. That is, a cryptographic network protocol used to send encrypted data over a network. & 22 \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
VNC & VNC stands for Virtual Network Communication. & 5900 \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
RPC & Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a powerful technique for building distributed client-server based applications. It is based on extending traditional calls to local procedures so that the called procedure does not have to be in the same address space as the calling procedure. & 1024 to 5000 \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.052 cm} x{4.028 cm} x{1.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Computer Network Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
NFS & NFS uses file handles to uniquely identify the file or directory on which the current operation is being performed. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to provide error control. Used for reporting errors and administrative queries. & 2049 \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
ICMP & Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP) to provide an error control. It is used for reporting errors and management queries. & - \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
BOOTP & Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a network protocol used by network management to assign IP addresses to each member of that network in order to join other network devices through a main server. & 67 \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 10)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
DHCP & Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an application layer protocol. DHCP is based on a client-server model, based on discoveries, offers, requests, and ACKs. & 68 \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.052 cm} x{4.028 cm} x{1.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Computer Network Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
NAT & Network Address Translation (NAT) is the process of translating one or more local IP addresses into one or more global IP addresses, or vice versa, in order to provide Internet access to local hosts. & 5351 \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
PPP & Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is basically an asymmetric protocol suite for various connections or links without framing. H. Raw bit pipe. PPP also expects other protocols to establish connections, authenticate users, and carry network layer data as well. & 1994 \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 13)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
RIP & Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a dynamic routing protocol that uses hop count as a routing metric to find the best path between source and destination networks. & 520 \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.052 cm} x{4.028 cm} x{1.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Computer Network Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 28
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OSPF & Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol used to find the best path between a source and destination router using its own shortest path first). & 89 \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
EIGRP & Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a dynamic routing protocol used to find the best path and deliver packets between any two Layer 3 devices. & 88 \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 30
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BGP & Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a protocol used to exchange Internet routing information and is used between ISPs in different ASes. & 179 \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
% Row 31
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STP & Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to create a loop-free network by monitoring the network, tracking all connections, and shutting down the least redundant connections. & 0 to 255 \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.052 cm} x{4.028 cm} x{1.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Computer Network Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 32
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RARP & RARP, stand for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, is a computer network-based protocol used by client computers to request IP addresses from a gateway server's Address Resolution Protocol table or cache. & - \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 33
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LDAP & The D-channel LAPD or Link Access Protocol is basically the Layer 2 protocol normally required for the ISDN D-channel. It is derived from the LAPB (Link Access Protocol Balanced) protocol. & - \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 9)
% Row 34
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IPsec & IP Security (IPSec) is a standard suite of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) protocols between two communication points on IP networks to provide data authentication, integrity, and confidentiality. It also defines encrypted, decrypted, and authenticated packets. & 4500 \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.052 cm} x{4.028 cm} x{1.52 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Computer Network Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 35
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ASCII & ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the standard character encoding used in telecommunications. The ASCII representation "ask-ee" is strictly a 7-bit code based on the English alphabet. ASCII codes are used to represent alphanumeric data. & 9500 \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 36
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EBCDIC & EBCDIC (Extended Binary Encoded Decimal Interchange Code) (pronounced "ehb-suh-dik" or "ehb-kuh-dik") is an alphanumeric binary code developed by IBM to run large-scale computer systems . & - \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 10)
% Row 37
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X.25 PAD & X.25 is an International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) protocol standard simply for Wide Area Network (WAN) communications that basically describes how the connections among user devices and network devices are established and maintained. & - \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.052 cm} x{4.028 cm} x{1.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Computer Network Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 38
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HDLC & High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) commonly uses the term "frame" to denote units or logs of units of data that are frequently transmitted or transmitted from one station to another, express. Each frame on the link must start and end with a flag sequence field (F). & - \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 39
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SLIP & SLIP stands for Serial Line Internet Protocol. It is a TCP/IP implementation which was described under RFC 1055 (Request for Comments). & - \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
% Row 40
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LAP & Link Access Procedure (LAP) is basically considered as an ITU family of Data Link Layer (DLL) protocols that are subsets of High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC). LAP is particularly derived from IBM's System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). & - \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 12)
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.052 cm} x{4.028 cm} x{1.52 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Computer Network Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 41
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NCP & Network Control Protocol (NCP) is a set of protocols that are part of Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). & 524 \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 42
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Mobile IP & Mobile IP is a communication protocol (created by extending the Internet Protocol, IP) that allows a user to move from one network to another using the same her IP address. & 434 \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 9)
% Row 43
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VOIP & Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allowing you to make voice calls over a broadband Internet connection instead of an analog (regular) phone line. Some VoIP services allow you to call people using the same service, but others may allow you to call anyone. & 5060 \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 14)
% Row 44
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LDAP & Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an internet protocol works on TCP/IP, used to access information from directories. LDAP protocol is basically used to access an active directory. & 389 \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 10)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.052 cm} x{4.028 cm} x{1.52 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Computer Network Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 45
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GRE & GRE or Generic Routing Encapsulation is a tunneling protocol developed by Cisco. It encapsulates IP packets i.e. deliverable inner packets into outer packets. & 47 \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 46
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AH & The HTTP headers Authorization header is a request type header that used to contains the credentials information to authenticate a user through a server. If the server responds with 401 Unauthorized and the WWW-Authenticate header not usually. & 51 \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 12)
% Row 47
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ESP & Encapsulation security payload, also abbreviated as ESP plays a very important role in network security. ESP or Encapsulation security payload is an individual protocol in IPSec. & 500 \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 9)
% Row 48
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NNTP & Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) is the underlying protocol of UseNet, which is a worldwide discussion system which contains posts or articles which are known as news. & 119 \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 9)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.052 cm} x{4.028 cm} x{1.52 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Computer Network Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 49
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RPC-DCOM & DCOM- Distributed Component Object Model– helps remote object via running on a protocol known as the Object Remote Procedure Call (ORPC). & - \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 50
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IRC & Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is an Internet application that was developed by Jakko Oikarinen in Finland. Chat is the most convenient immediate way to communicate with others via Internet. & 6667 \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 9)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{OSI Protocols}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Application Layer Protocols}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\emph{TELNET}}: Telnet stands for Telecommunications Network. This protocol is used for managing files over the Internet. It allows the Telnet clients to access the resources of Telnet server. Telnet uses port number 23. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 5)
{\emph{DNS}}: DNS stands for Domain Name System. The DNS service translates the domain name (selected by user) into the corresponding IP address. For example- If you choose the domain name as www.abcd.com, then DNS must translate it as 192.36.20.8 (random IP address written just for understanding purposes). DNS protocol uses the port number 53. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 7)
{\emph{DHCP}}: DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It provides IP addresses to hosts. Whenever a host tries to register for an IP address with the DHCP server, DHCP server provides lots of information to the corresponding host. DHCP uses port numbers 67 and 68. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 6)
{\emph{FTP}}: FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. This protocol helps to transfer different files from one device to another. FTP promotes sharing of files via remote computer devices with reliable, efficient data transfer. FTP uses port number 20 for data access and port number 21 for data control. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 6)
{\emph{SMTP}}: SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is used to transfer electronic mail from one user to another user. SMTP is used by end users to send emails with ease. SMTP uses port numbers 25 and 587. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{OSI Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{HTTP}}: HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. It is the foundation of the World Wide Web (WWW). HTTP works on the client server model. This protocol is used for transmitting hypermedia documents like HTML. This protocol was designed particularly for the communications between the web browsers and web servers, but this protocol can also be used for several other purposes. HTTP is a stateless protocol (network protocol in which a client sends requests to server and server responses back as per the given state), which means the server is not responsible for maintaining the previous client's requests. HTTP uses port number 80. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 13)
{\emph{NFS}}: NFS stands for Network File System. This protocol allows remote hosts to mount files over a network and interact with those file systems as though they are mounted locally. NFS uses the port number 2049. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 5)
{\emph{SNMP}}: SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol. This protocol gathers data by polling the devices from the network to the management station at fixed or random intervals, requiring them to disclose certain information. SNMP uses port numbers 161 (TCP) and 162 (UDP). \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 6)
{\bf{Presentation Layers Protocols}} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
{\emph{Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)}}: Apple Filing Protocol is the proprietary network protocol (communications protocol) that offers services to macOS or the classic macOS. This is basically the network file control protocol specifically designed for Mac-based platforms. \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 6)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{OSI Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP)}}: Lightweight Presentation Protocol is that protocol which is used to provide ISO presentation services on the top of TCP/IP based protocol stacks. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
{\emph{NetWare Core Protocol (NCP)}}: NetWare Core Protocol is the network protocol which is used to access file, print, directory, clock synchronization, messaging, remote command execution and other network service functions. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 5)
{\emph{Network Data Representation (NDR)}}: Network Data Representation is basically the implementation of the presentation layer in the OSI model, which provides or defines various primitive data types, constructed data types and also several types of data representations. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 6)
{\emph{External Data Representation (XDR)}}: External Data Representation (XDR) is the standard for the description and encoding of data. It is useful for transferring data between computer architectures and has been used to communicate data between very diverse machines. Converting from local representation to XDR is called encoding, whereas converting XDR into local representation is called decoding. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 8)
{\emph{Secure Socket Layer (SSL)}}: The Secure Socket Layer protocol provides security to the data that is being transferred between the web browser and the server. SSL encrypts the link between a web server and a browser, which ensures that all data passed between them remains private and free from attacks. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 7)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{OSI Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Session Layer Protocols}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\emph{AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP)}}: ADSP is that type of protocol which was developed by Apple Inc. and it includes a number of features that allow local area networks to be connected with no prior setup. This protocol was released in 1985.  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 5)
This protocol rigorously followed the OSI model of protocol layering. ADSP itself has two protocols named: AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP) and Name Binding Protocol (NBP), both aimed at making system self-configuring. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 5)
{\emph{Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)}}: RTCP is a protocol which provides out-of-band statistics and control information for an RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) session. RTCP's primary function is to provide feedback on the quality of service (QoS) in media distribution by periodically sending statistical information such as transmitted octet and packet counts or packet loss to the participants in the streaming multimedia session. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 9)
{\emph{Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)}}: PPTP is a protocol which provides a method for implementing virtual private networks. PPTP uses a TCP control channel and a Generic Routing Encapsulation tunnel to encapsulate PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) packets This protocol provides security levels and remote access levels comparable with typical VPN (Virtual Private Network) products. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 8)
{\emph{Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)}}: Password Authentication Protocol is a password-based authentication protocol used by Point to Point Protocol (PPP) to validate users. Almost all network operating systems, remote servers support PAP. PAP authentication is done at the time of the initial link establishment and verifies the identity of the client using a two-way handshake (Client-sends data and server in return sends Authentication-ACK (Acknowledgement) after the data sent by client is verified completely). \newline % Row Count 39 (+ 11)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{OSI Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Remote Procedure Call Protocol (RPCP)}}: Remote Procedure Call Protocol (RPCP) is a protocol that is used when a computer program causes a procedure (or a sub-routine) to execute in a different address space without the programmer explicitly coding the details for the remote interaction. This is basically the form of client-server interaction, typically implemented via a request-response message-passing system. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 9)
{\emph{Sockets Direct Protocol (SDP)}}: Sockets Direct Protocol (SDP) is a protocol that supports streams of sockets over Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) network fabrics. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 4)
The purpose of SDP is to provide an RDMA-accelerated alternative to the TCP protocol. The primary goal is to perform one particular thing in such a manner which is transparent to the application. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 4)
{\bf{Transport Layer Protocols}} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
{\emph{Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)}} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
{\emph{User Datagram Protocol (UDP)}} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
{\emph{Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)}} \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
{\emph{Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)}} \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
{\emph{AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP)}} \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
{\emph{Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP)}} \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
{\emph{Reliable Data Protocol (RDP)}} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
{\emph{Reliable User Data Protocol (RUDP)}} \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
{\emph{Structured Steam Transport (SST)}} \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
{\emph{Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX)}} \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
{\bf{Data Link Layer Protocols}} \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
{\emph{Synchronous Data Link Protocol (SDLC)}} \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{OSI Protocols (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{High-Level Data Link Protocol (HDLC)}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\emph{Serial Line Interface Protocol (SLIP)for encoding}} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
{\emph{Point to Point Protocol (PPP)}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
{\emph{Link Access Procedure (LAP)}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
{\emph{Link Control Protocol (LCP)}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
{\emph{Network Control Protocol (NCP)}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
{\bf{Physical Layer Protocols}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
{\emph{Ethernet with 1000BASE-T.}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
{\emph{Ethernet with 1000BASE-SX.}} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
{\emph{Ethernet at 100BaseT.}} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
{\emph{Synchronous Digital Hierarchy/Optical Synchronisation.}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
{\emph{Physical-layer variations in 802.11.}} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
{\emph{Bluetooth.}} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
{\emph{Networking for controllers.}} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
{\emph{U.S. Serial Bus}}% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Network Layer Services}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Type}} & {\bf{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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Packetizing & The process of encapsulating  data (also called payload) received from upper layers of the network into network layer packets at the source and decapsulating the payload from the network layer packets at the destination is called packetization. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 10)
% Row 2
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Routing and Forwarding & These are two other services provided by the network layer. A network has many routes from a  source to a destination. The network layer sets some strategies for finding the best possible route. This process is called routing. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}