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\author{heatherisawesome (x0xheather\_)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (principles-of-antimicrobial-chemotherapy.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (heatherisawesome (x0xheather\_))
  /Subject (Principles of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Principles of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{heatherisawesome (x0xheather\_)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/41810/cs/12635/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}heatherisawesome (x0xheather\_) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/x0xheather} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 28th August, 2017.\\
   Updated 28th August, 2017.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Antibiotics}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Subances produced by a microorganism that (at low concentration) inhibit or kill other microorganisms} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Talking about chemical produce by living organisms that can kill or inhibit} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{BASICALLY:}} life destroys life} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chemotherapy}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The use of drugs to treat a disease} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Antimicrobial Drugs}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Any substance of natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic origin that kills or inhibits the growth of a microorganism} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Causes little or no host damage} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Selection of Antimicrobial Agents}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} Requires knowing the following:} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- The organism's identity} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- The organism's susceptibility to a particular agent} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- The site of infection} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Patient's factors} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- The safety of the agent} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- The cost of therapy} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Selective Toxicity}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Definition:}} & Ability to kill or injure an invading microorganism without harming the cells of the host \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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{\bf{LD50}} & Lethal dose at 50\%; should be high \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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{\bf{MIC}} & Minimal inhibitory concentration; should be low; the lowest concentration of antibiotic that INHIBITS bacterial growth; lowest concentration that will stop the growth of bacteria \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 3
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{\bf{MBC}} & Minimal bactericidal concentration; should be; minimum concentration of antibiotic that KILLS the bacteria \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanism of Selective Targeting}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Selective Toxicity:}} goal of antimicrobial drug therapy} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Example:}} inhibit pathways or targets critical for pathogen survival at drug concentrations lower than those required to affect host pathways} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Pathways}}  \tn
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{\bf{Unique Pathways}} & Also known as Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors; drug that inhibits the cell wall synthesis in microbes; the walls will lyse and the bacteria will die \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
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{\bf{Selective Pathways}} & Also known as protein synthesis inhibitors \tn 
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% Row 2
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{\bf{Common Pathways}} & Also known as metabolites \tn 
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\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Type}} & \{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Example}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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Cause inhibition of cell wall synthesis & \seqsplit{Beta-Lactamas} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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Alter the function of the cytoplasmic membrane; destroy cytoplasmic membranes & Isoniazid \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Inhibit protein synthesis & Macrolides \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis & Quinolones \tn 
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% Row 5
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Inhibit metabolite activity & \seqsplit{Sulfonamides} \tn 
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{\bf{Narrow Spectrum}} & Preferentially active \{\{nl\}\} against single or limited group of microorganisms \{\{nl\}\} Tx eg: isoniazid \tn 
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% Row 1
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{\bf{Extended Spectrum}} & Effective against gram-positive and SOME gram negative bacteria \{\{nl\}\} Tx eg: ampicillin \tn 
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% Row 2
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{\bf{Broad Spectrum}} & Active against BOTH gram positive and gram negative bacteria \{\{nl\}\} Tx eg: tetracycline \{\{nl\}\} Tx eg: chloramphenicol \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Site of Action of Antibacterial Drug Classes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Cell Wall Inhibitors}} & Fosfomycine \{\{nl\}\} Cylcoserine \{\{nl\}\} Vancomycin \{\{nl\}\} Penicillin \{\{nl\}\} Cephalosporins \{\{nl\}\} Monobactams \{\{nl\}\} Carbapenems \{\{nl\}\} Ehambutol \{\{nl\}\} Pyrrazinamide \{\{nl\}\} Isoniazid \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 1
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{\bf{DNA Synthesis \& \{\{nl\}\} Integrity Inhibitors}} & Sulfonamides \{\{nl\}\} Trimethoprim \{\{nl\}\} Quinolones \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Transcription \& \{\{nl\}\}Translation Inhibitors}} & Rifampin \{\{nl\}\} Axminoglycosdes \{\{nl\}\}  Spectinomycin \{\{nl\}\} Tetracyclines \{\{nl\}\} Macrolides \{\{nl\}\} Chloramphenicol \{\{nl\}\} Streptogramins \{\{nl\}\} Oxazolidinones \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacteriostatic Drugs}}  \tn
% Row 0
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% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Eg:}} sulfonamides (DNA synthesis \& intercity inhibitor)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Eg:}} chloramphenicol (transcription \& translation inhibitor)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Bacteriostatic effectiveness relies on an intact host immune system to CLEAR THE NONGROWING (but viable) bacteria} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bactericidal Drugs}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{KILL BACTERIA}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Eg:}} penicillin (cell wall inhibitor)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Eg:}} streptomycin (transcription and translation inhibitor)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Eg:}} give this to patients with AIDS because they don't have immunity} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bacteria Morphology}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Spirilla}} & Spiral shaped bacteria \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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{\bf{Bacilla}} & Rod shaped bacteria \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Cocci}} & Spherical shaped bacteria \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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{\bf{Diplo-}} & Pair \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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{\bf{Staphylo-}} & Culsters \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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{\bf{Strepto-}} & Chain \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gram POSITIVE Bacteria}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Looks violet or dark blue in gram staining} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Retains the crystal violet stain} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Single layered membrane -{}- it lacks the second outer phospholipid bilayer} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Thick layer of peptidoglycan -{}- only this forms the cell wall} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Easier to treat with antibiotics because it only has one phospholipid bilayer} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gram NEGATIVE Bacteria}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Don't retain crystal violet dye from gram staining} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{They are pink or red colored} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Thin peptidoglycan wall} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Two phospholipid bilayers (two membranes)} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Consist of outer membrane and thin peptidoglycan wall as cell wall} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The cell wall is thinner than gram positive} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{This is harder to treat with antibiotics because it has two phospholipid bilayers} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Acid-Fast Bacteria}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} bacteria which resist decolorization with an acid-alcohol mixture during the acid-fast stain procedure} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It retains the initial dye (carbofuchsin)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Acid-fast bacteria (mycobacteria and some of the related actinomycetes) appear red} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Medically Important Microorganisms}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} Gram Positive Cocci} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} Gram Positive Bacilli} \tn 
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% Row 2
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% Row 3
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} Anaerobe Organisms} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} Spirochetes} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} Mycoplasma} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} Chlamydia} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} Other} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Purpose of Using Single Drug to Treat a Patient}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Reasons to Use Single Treatment Instead of Combinations of Antimicrobial Drugs}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Reduces the possibility of superinfection} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Reduces the emergence of resistant organisms} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. Minimizes toxicity} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Combinations of Antimicrobial Drugs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Advantage:}} & Synergism \{\{nl\}\} Eg: beta-lactams and aminoglycosides \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Disadvantage:}} & Drug antagonism \{\{nl\}\} Eg: combining bacteriostatic drug with bactericidal drug \{\{nl\}\} Eg: giving a patient tetracycline with penicillin or cephalosporins \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{BASICALLY:}} & Don't combine bacteriostatic drugs with bactericidal drugs \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prophylactic Antibiotics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Use of antibiotics for prevention instead of treatment of infection} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- May cause resistance and superinfection} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Use is limited} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Complications of Antibiotic Therapy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Hypersensitivity} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Direct toxicity} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. Superinfection} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Antimicrobial Resistance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Definition:}} relative or complete lack of effect of antimicrobial against a previously susceptible microbe} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Increase in MIC (remember MIC is lowest concentration needed to inhibit bacterial growth)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{May be innate (an escape from antibiotic effect)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{OR it may be acquired} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Result of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Spontaneous, random chromosomal mutations. The mutations are due to change in either a structural protein receptor for an antibiotic or a protein involved in drug transport} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Extrachromosomal transfer of drug-resistant genes} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2a.  {\bf{Transformation:}} transfer of naked DNA between cells of same species} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2b. {\bf{Transduction through R plasmids:}} R plasmids are a sexual transfer of plasmid DNA in a bacteria virus between bacteria of the same species} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2c. {\bf{Conjugation:}} the passage of gene from bacteria to bacteria via direct contact through a sex plus or bridge. Conjugation occurs primarily in GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI. It is the principal mechanism of acquired resistant among enterobacteria} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2d. {\bf{Transposition:}} occurs as a result of movement or "jumping or transposons" (stretches of DNA containing insertion sequences at each end) from plasmid to plasmid or from plasmid to chromosome and back} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Reduced entry of antibiotic into pathogen} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Enhanced export of antibiotic by pathogen efflux pumps} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. release of microbial enzymes that destroy the antibiotic} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4. Alterations of microbial enzymes that are required to transform products to the effective moieties} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4. Alterations of target proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5. Development of alternative biochemical pathways to those inhibited by the antibiotic} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Factors that Promote Antimicrobial Resistance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Exposure to sub-optimal levels of antimicrobial} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Exposure to microbes carrying resistance genes} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Inappropriate Antimicrobial Use}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Prescriptions not taken correctly} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Antibiotics for viral infections (you don't give antibiotics for viral infections)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Antibiotics sold without medical supervision} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Spread of resistant microbes in hospitals due to lack of hygiene} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Lack of quality control in manufacture of outdated antimicrobial} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Inadequate surveillance of defective susceptibility assays} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Poverty or way} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Use of antibiotics in foods} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Antibiotics in Foods}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Antibiotics are used in animal feeds and sprayed on plants to prevent infection and promote growth} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Multi-drug resistant {\emph{Salmonella typhi}} has been found in some people who eat beef fed antibiotics} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{MRSA "mer-sah"}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Most frequent nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pathogen} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Usually resistant to several other antibiotics} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}