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% Document Info
\author{Niki (worlddoit)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (r-part6-1.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Niki (worlddoit))
  /Subject (r part6.1 Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{r part6.1 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Niki (worlddoit)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/170195/cs/36504/}}}
\end{tabulary}
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\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Niki (worlddoit) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/worlddoit} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 21st January, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Introduction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{R is not a fully functional programming language because its functions are not pure, however it allows for a lot of functional programming by means of higher-order-functions \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
{\bf{Higher-order-functions:}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-check-square\}\} Functions: take vectors as input and return vectors as output \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\{\{fa-check-square\}\} Functionals: take functions (and vectors) as input and return vectors as output. They allow to generalize and reapply techniques in data analysis to any number of inputs \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 4)
\{\{fa-check-square\}\} Function Factories: take vectors as input and return functions as output. These are used to create functions \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\{\{fa-check-square\}\} Function Operators: take functions as input and return functions as output. They are used to modify the behavior of functions% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(**Basics)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functionals}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A functional is a function that takes functions as input and returns vectors as output. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
`integrate(cos, 0, pi)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
`4.922505e-17 with absolute error \textless{} 2.2e-14`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
They are a common alternative to for loops. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
The basic syntax is `map(.x, .f, ...)` where\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
`.x` can be a list or any atomic vector\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
`.f` is a function that will be applied to each element of `.x`.\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
The code of `map` is very simple:\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
`simple\_map \textless{}- function(x, f, ...) \{`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
`  out \textless{}- vector("list", length(x))`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
`  for (i in seq\_along(x)) \{`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
`out{[}{[}i{]}{]} \textless{}- f(x{[}{[}i{]}{]}, ...) \}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
`out\}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
In `purrr` there is a special syntax for anonymous functions\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
`\textgreater{} purrr::map\_dbl(mtcars, function(x) length(unique(x)))`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
is similar to \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} purrr::map\_dbl(mtcars, ∼ length(unique(.x)))`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
The `map` extended family and friends is quite large:\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
\{\{popup="https://adv-r.hadley.nz/functionals.html"\}\}details.\{\{/popup\}\} \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
If all you want is to substitute the `for` loop, than the `base`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functionals (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{functionals of the `apply` family might be a better choice.\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
`\textgreater{} x \textless{}- lapply(1:100, sqrt)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} apply(mtcars, 2, mean) \#margin = 1 by row, 2 by col`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
If you can substitute the for loop with vectorization no need to \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
use functionals.% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(**Basics)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functionals - Time Example}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\textgreater{} (benchmap\textless{}-bench::mark(\{\{noshy\}\} \newline + forloop = \{ x \textless{}- vector("list",100)\{\{noshy\}\} \newline + for(i in seq\_along(100)) x{[}{[}i{]}{]}\textless{}-sqrt(i)\},\{\{noshy\}\} \newline + lapp = \{x \textless{}- lapply(1:100, sqrt)\}, \newline + mappurrr = \{ x \textless{}- purrr::map(1:100,sqrt)\},\{\{noshy\}\} \newline + check = F\{\{noshy\}\} \newline + ))\{\{noshy\}\} \newline \# A tibble: 3 x 13\{\{noshy\}\} \newline expression min median itr/sec\{\{noshy\}\} \newline \textless{}bch:expr\textgreater{} \textless{}bch:tm\textgreater{} \textless{}bch:tm\textgreater{} \textless{}dbl\textgreater{}\{\{noshy\}\} \newline 1 forloop 1.44ms 1.57ms 580.\{\{noshy\}\} \newline 2 lapp 34.64us 36.47us 25570.\{\{noshy\}\} \newline 3 mappurrr 176.5us 188.17us 5054.\{\{noshy\}\}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(***Advanced)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functionals - Time Example photo}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/worlddoit_1673626969_ экрана 2023-01-13 в 17.21.09.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(***Advanced)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The apply family}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-bolt\}\} `apply(X, MARGIN, FUN, ...)` returns a vector or array or list of values obtained by applying \{\{noshy\}\}a function to margins of an array or matrix. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
`apply(mat, 1, sum)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-bolt\}\} `lapply` returns a list, each element of which is the result of\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
applying a function to the corresponding element. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
`lapply(x, mean)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-bolt\}\} `rapply()` is a recursive version of `lapply()` with flexibility in\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
how the result is structured. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} rapply(x, sqrt, how = "list")`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} rapply(x, sqrt, how = "unlist")`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-bolt\}\} `sapply()` is a user-friendly version and wrapper of `lapply()` by\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
default returning a vector. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} sapply(1:5,sqrt)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-bolt\}\} `vapply` is similar to `sapply`, but has a pre-specified type of\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
return value, so it can be safer (and sometimes faster) to use. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
`\textgreater{} vapply(1:5, sqrt, numeric(1))`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-bolt\}\} `mapply()` is a multivariate version of` sapply()` that applies a\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
function to all first (then second, third, and so on) elements of \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
its arguments. Arguments are recycled if necessary. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
`\textgreater{} mapply(rep, 1:2, 2:1)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The apply family (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-bolt\}\} `tapply()` applies a function to each (non-empty) group of\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
values given by a unique combination of the levels of certain \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
factors. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} with(dat, tapply(age, gender, mean))`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
 This could have also written as: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} dat \%\$\% tapply(age, gender, mean)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
`\%\$\%` exposes the contents of the left-hand side object to the expression on the right.\{\{noshy\}\}% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(**Basics)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Time Performance of the different approaches}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/worlddoit_1673637450_ экрана 2023-01-13 в 20.16.24.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Friends of map}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-bolt\}\} The `modify` friend of `map`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
The `purrr::modify()` function tackles transformations that preserve the type input in the output.\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
`\textgreater{} modify(df, ∼ .x * 2)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
Things are not modified in place but new objects are created \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\{\{fa-bolt\}\} The `walk` friend of `map`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
The `purrr::walk()` function tackles transformations that do not require to store the output but are \{\{noshy\}\}focused only on side-effects \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\{\{fa-bolt\}\} The `imap` friend of `map`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
The `purrr::imap()` function and friends essentially mimic ways of looping:\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
`\textgreater{} imap(x, ∼ paste0("Label: ", .y, " Value: ", .x))`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
`\textgreater{} imap\_chr(x, ∼ paste0("Label: ", .y, " Value: ", .x))`\{\{noshy\}\}% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Predicate functionals}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Predicate functions}} return `TRUE` or `FALSE`. For instance, the testing functions is `.x()`. \{\{noshy\}\}Predicate functionals apply a predicate to the elements of a vector \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
`\textgreater{} x\textless{}-list(1:2, c("a","b"), c(TRUE, FALSE))`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
`\textgreater{} some(x, is.logical)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
`{[}1{]} TRUE`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} every(x, is.vector)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
`{[}1{]} TRUE`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} detect(x, is.logical); detect\_index(x, is.logical)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
`{[}1{]} TRUE FALSE`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
`{[}1{]} 3`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} keep(x, is.character)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
`{[}{[}1{]}{]}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
`{[}1{]} "a" "b"`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} discard(x, is.integer)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
`{[}{[}1{]}{]} {[}{[}2{]}{]}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
`{[}1{]} "a" "b" {[}1{]} TRUE FALSE`\{\{noshy\}\}% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(**Basics)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Function Factories}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Functions that make functions. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} log10`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
`function (x) .Primitive("log10")`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} changelog \textless{}- function(b) \{`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
`+ function(x) \{`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
`+ log(x)/log(b) \}\}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
` log10 \textless{}- changelog(10)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} log10(10)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
`{[}1{]} 1`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} log10`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
`function(x) \{`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
`log(x)/log(b)\}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
`\textless{}environment: 0x000000000e46a9e8\textgreater{} \#notice the environment`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
The enclosing environment of the ` log10` is the execution environments of the `changelog`  function \{\{noshy\}\} when ` log10` was defined by assignment.\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 4)
There is however a 'bug' due to lazy evaluation so it is better to always force the function parameter. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
`\textgreater{} changelog \textless{}- function(b) \{`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
`+ force(b)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
`+ function(x) \{log(x)/log(b)\}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
`+ \}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
You can combine factories with functionals \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} names \textless{}- list(log2 = 2,`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
`+ log3 = 3,`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
`+ log10 = 10)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} (logs \textless{}- purrr::map(names, changelog))`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Function Factories (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`\$log2`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
`function(x) \{log(x)/log(b)\}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
`\textless{}bytecode: 0x000000000dbc6b98\textgreater{}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
`\textless{}environment: 0x000000000e03dc20\textgreater{}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} logs\$log2(2)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
`{[}1{]} 1`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} logs\$log10(10)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
`{[}1{]} 1`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} logs\$log3(3)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
`{[}1{]} 1`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
You can use factories to pass different arguments according to your needs to other functions. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
`\textgreater{} n \textless{}- 100; sd \textless{}- c(1, 5, 15)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} df \textless{}- data.frame(x = rnorm(3*n, sd = sd), sd = rep(sd, n))`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
`\textgreater{} histograms\textless{}-ggplot(df, aes(x)) +`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
`+ geom\_histogram(binwidth = 2) +`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
`+ facet\_wrap(∼ sd, scales = "free\_x") +`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
`+ labs(x = NULL)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} jpeg("histograms.jpeg")`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} plot(histograms)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} dev.off()`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
`null device`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
The code above creates  `binwidth` facets in which the is the same, this is not ideal to compare the \{\{noshy\}\}different histograms. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 3)
{\bf{Output 1}} \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
we can create a variable bin width \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} binwidth\_bins \textless{}- function(n) \{`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Function Factories (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`+ force(n)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
`+ function(x) \{`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
`+ (max(x) - min(x)) / n`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
`+ \}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
`+ \}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
and then we run a new groups of histograms \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} histograms2\textless{}-ggplot(df, aes(x)) +`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
`+ geom\_histogram(binwidth = binwidth\_bins(20)) +`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
`+ facet\_wrap(∼ sd, scales = "free\_x") +`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
`+ labs(x = NULL)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} jpeg("histograms2.jpeg")`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} plot(histograms2)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} dev.off()`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
`null device`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
Now the  `binwidth`  varies and keeps constant the number of observations in each bin\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
{\bf{Output 2}}% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(**Basics)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Output 1}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/worlddoit_1674264626_ экрана 2023-01-21 в 2.22.35.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Output 2}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/worlddoit_1674264674_ экрана 2023-01-21 в 2.28.29.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Function Operators}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Functions that take functions as arguments and return other functions. They wrap a function and somehow extend its behavior without modifying the function output (decorator). \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
`\textgreater{} log(10)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
`{[}1{]} 2.302585`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} log("a")`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
`Error in log("a") : non-numeric argument to mathematical function`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
`\textgreater{} safe\_log \textless{}- purrr::safely(log)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} safe\_log`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
`function (...)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
`capture\_error(.f(...), otherwise, quiet)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
`\textless{}bytecode: 0x000000001b790a88\textgreater{}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
`\textless{}environment: 0x000000000ed506f0\textgreater{}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} safe\_log(10)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
`\$result`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
`{[}1{]} 2.302585`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
`\$error`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
`NULL`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} safe\_log("a")`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
`\$result`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
`NULL`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
`\$error`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
`\textless{}simpleError in .Primitive("log")(x, base):`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
`non-numeric argument to mathematical function\textgreater{}`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
`safely()` is also useful in catching errors in the applications of functionals like `map`.\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 32 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Function Operators (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{`\textgreater{} out \textless{}- map(x, safely(sum))`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
`\textgreater{} str(out)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
`List of 4`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
`\$ :List of 2`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
`..\$ result: int 10`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
`..\$ error : NULL`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
`...`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
`\$ :List of 2`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
`..\$ result: NULL`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
`..\$ error :List of 2`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
`.. ..\$ message: chr "invalid 'type' (character) of argument"`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
`.. ..\$ call : language .Primitive("sum")(..., na.rm = na.rm)`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
`.. ..- attr(*, "class")= chr {[}1:3{]} "simpleError" "error" "condition"`\{\{noshy\}\} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
`...`\{\{noshy\}\}% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Summary}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/worlddoit_1674265967_ экрана 2023-01-20 в 11.21.25.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{resources: \{\{popup="https://adv-r.hadley.nz/fp.html"\}\}1\{\{/popup\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}