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\author{woozing}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ptc-c12-cell-line-authentication.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (woozing)
  /Subject (PTC - C12 (Cell Line Authentication) Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{PTC - C12 (Cell Line Authentication) Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{woozing} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/146689/cs/31867/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}woozing \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/woozing} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 28th April, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stem Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-cells in our bodies which have the ability to differentiate into different tissue types} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-ability to harness the potential of stem cells to differentiate into a specific tissue type will clearly have great benefits in regenerative medicine} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-only the use of epithelial stem cells in skin and cornea grafting, and transplantation of haematopoietic stem cells for treating certain blood disorders are clinically established} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-developing in vitro culture protocols and establishing characterization standards of stem cells, both embryonic and adult, are therefore vital.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Embryonic Stem Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are derived from the inner cell masses (ICMs) of blastocysts} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-They are pluripotent cells, having the capacity to self-renew and differentiate in vitro and in vivo into a wide variety of tissues exhibiting the characteristics of all three germ layers.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Pluripotent, can form 3 layers of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Infinite life span due to expression of telomerase} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Form teratoma when injected into immune-compromised mouse} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Clump to form an embryoid with cells that differentiate spontaneously} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Directed differentiation is possible with addition of specific growth factors that direct cell down a specific pathway of differentiation} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 0)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{In vivo differentiation by teratoma formation in SCID mice}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-hESCs are capable of differentiating into tissues of all three germ-layers in vivo.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-This is observed as teratoma formation after transplantation.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Inject more than 2 x 10\textasciicircum{}6 hESCs into a testis of SCID male mouse} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Harvest teratoma after 3-5 months} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Fix teratoma in 4\% paraformaldehyde and embed in paraffin} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Examine teratoma histologically} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Teratoma}}: A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. A rare type of tumor that can contain fully developed tissues and organs, including hair, teeth, muscle, and bone. Teratomas are most common in the tailbone, ovaries, and testicles, but can occur elsewhere in the body. Teratomas can appear in newborns, children, or adults. They're more common in females.  \newline {\bf{SCID}}: Severe combined immunodeficiency}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Embryonic Stem Cells Source}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Adult Stem Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cell} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Multipotent, divide to form progenitor or precursor cell e.g. epithelial cell and fibroblast} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Epithelial cell and fibroblast are proliferative in culture, therefore will dominate the culture} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Some are self-renewable such as hematopoietic stem cell of bone marrow} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Others are not self-renewable with finite life span such as mesenchymal stem cell} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Fetal stem cell has more potential or capacity for proliferation but less adaptable to adult environment} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Normal \& Transformed Animal Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Normal Animal Cells & Transformed Animal Cells \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
-Diploid chromosome number with no gross chromosomal damage & -Chromosome fragmentation is often associated with transformation – aneuploidy \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-Anchorage dependent & -May lose \seqsplit{anchorage-dependence} – cell could grow as suspension \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
-Finite life span & -Infinite growth capacity – also known as continuous cell line \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-Non-malignant/ cancerous & -Transformed animal cells are not necessarily cancerous \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
-Telomerase activity absent & -Telomerase activity present \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & -May lose contact inhibition – cell could grow as multilayer \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & -Form tumour when injected into immuno-compromised mice \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Cancerous cells display malignancy in addition to the characteristics of transformed cells}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Line Identification}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-to prevent cross-contaminated cell being used for research} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(google)-provides researchers with confidence that their cell lines are correctly identified, and not cross contaminated with other cells} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Methods} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Karyotyping} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. Isozyme pattern} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. Antibody labelling} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{4. DNA fingerprinting} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{5. Telomerase test} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1. Karyotyping}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-nucleoprotein is partially digested by trypsin, and the Giemsa dye produces a characteristic pattern of G bands} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-banding patterns are characteristic for each chromosome pair and permit recognition} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-banding patterns are characteristic for each chromosome pair and permit recognition} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-determines the species of origin and determine the extent of gross chromosomal changes in the line} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-cell lines with abnormal karyotype are also used if they continue to perform normal function} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Karyotype is affected by the growth conditions used, the way in which the cells are subcultured and whether or not the cells are frozen.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 0)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Giemsa-Banding}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-dye gives chromosome a stripped appearance} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-it stains the regions of DNA that are rich in adenine (A) and thymine (T) base pairs} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-regions that stain as dark G bands replicate late in S phase of cell cycle \& contain more condensed chromatin} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-regions that stain as light G bands replicate early in S phase \& contain less condensed chromatin} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 0)
% Row 13
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Protocol}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Incubate hESCs in hESC culture media with 0.1 μg/ml colcemid for 3 hrs at 37°C in a humidified C02 incubator} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. Harvest single cells using trypsin-EDTA and treat them with a hypotonic solution (1 \% sodium citrate buffer) at 37°C for 30 mins} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
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\vfill
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1. Karyotyping (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. Fix with methanol and acetic acid (3:1，v/v)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{4. Spread hESCs onto a glass slide, dry and identify chromosomes by G banding} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{G-Banding}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/woozing_1650988408_Screenshot 2022-04-26 233333.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2. Isozyme/Isoenzyme Analysis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-based on the existence of enzymes with similar or identical specificity, but different molecular structure} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-study the patterns of migration of isoenzymes present in cell lysates following electrophoresis using agarose gels under non-denaturing conditions} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-patterns obtained are species specific and therefore are used as quality control and authentication procedures to confirm species of origin of material} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Specific activity stains are used to develop a banding pattern of isozymes (zymogram), which is characteristic of a particular cell line.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-By using several enzymes the distinguishing features of a cell line are established.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-These features can often distinguish cell lines even if derived from the same species.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-This is a more rapid technique compared to karyotyping and requires smaller cell samples.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Enzymes: Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), nucleoside phosphorylase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, glucokinase, hexokinase, glutathione S-transferase (GST)} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Isozyme/Isoenzyme Analysis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/woozing_1650988449_Screenshot 2022-04-26 233919.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3. Labeled Antibodies}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-use of a fluorescent-labeled antibody specific for a membrane antigen} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-The antibody, is conjugated to a suitable fluorescent compound, such as fluorescein.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-The conjugate will bind specifically to the outer membrane of the chosen cells which can be identified by fluorescence microscopy or by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Labeled Antibodies}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{4. DNA Fingerprinting}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-A unique DNA 'fingerprint' can be developed for a particular cell line.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-DNA fingerprint results from the fragmentation pattern produced by digestion of cellular DNA with restriction endonucleases} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-The resulting restriction fragment digest is separated by electrophoresis} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Radioactive probes are then used to hybridize to specific restriction fragments which can be highlighted by autoradiography.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-results in a characteristic 'bar-code' pattern} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-The most useful probes for this purpose are those that hybridize to 'mini-satellite' DNA} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-These are repetitive nucleotide sequences of varying length found throughout the genomic DNA.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-Certain restriction enzymes (for example, Hinfl) are used because they are known to cut DNA within the minisatellite regions.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-The length and distribution of the resulting minisatellite DNA fragments are unique to individuals and hence can be used for identification, including cell line identification.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Fingerprinting}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/woozing_1650988506_Screenshot 2022-04-26 234942.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{5. Telomerase Test}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Initial tumor formation can occur in the absence of telomerase, tumor maintenance requires telomere stabilization, most often accomplished through the activation of telomerase.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-If telomerase expression is detected, it is transformed cell line or cancer cell line} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-If telomerase expression is not detected, it is deer liver normal cell line} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Telomerase extend telomeres} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-A telomere is the end of a chromosome. Telomeres are made of repetitive sequences of non-coding DNA that protect the chromosome from damage. Each time a cell divides, the telomeres become shorter. Eventually, the telomeres become so short that the cell can no longer divide.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}