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\author{woozing}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (plant-and-tissue-culture-c1-plant-tissue-culture.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (woozing)
  /Subject (PLANT \& TISSUE CULTURE - C1 (Plant Tissue Culture) Cheat Sheet)
}

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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{PLANT \& TISSUE CULTURE - C1 (Plant Tissue Culture) Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{woozing} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/146689/cs/31767/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}woozing \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/woozing} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 21st April, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Introduction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{plant cells re-differentiate} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{plant tissues can be regenerated from explants} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Application}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{increase crop yield (developing countries)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{produce consistent yield quality (private at-home grower)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{produce exact replicas of species for profit (businesses)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plasticity}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-plant's ability to adapt and cope with changes in the environment} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-plant's ability to different developmental pathways (alter their phenotype) in response to a particular stimuli/changes in the environment} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-alter its metabolism, growth, and development which suit the current environment the best} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Plant cells and tissues with high plasticity is needed for plant tissue culture.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{EXAMPLE: Fanwort (aquatic weed)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. feathery underwater leaves} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. floating surface leaves} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-both leaf types are genetically identical cells, but the dissimilar environments cause certain genes involved in leaf formation to be expressed or unexpressed in different environments} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Adaptation/Response}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
plastic structural responses to specific environment & etc. growth of plant towards sunlight source and growth of root towards source of water \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
morphological adaptations in specific environment & etc. cactus's leaves are reduced to spines and a stem to reduce water lost in desert \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fundamental Abilities of Plants}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. Totipotency & potential of a cell/group of cells to develop into an entire organism if suitably stimulated \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
2. \seqsplit{Dedifferentiation} & development of differentiated explant into a undifferentiated callus (mature cells return to meristematic condition) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. Competency?? & endogenous potential of a given cells or tissue to develop in a particular way \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 0)
% Row 4
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\seqsplit{*Differentiation} & physiological and morphological changes that occur in a cell, tissue or organ during development \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 5
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*Meristematic Condition & unmatured plant which does not have specific differentiated meristematic tissues (etc. apical meristem, lateral meristem) and all meristem tissues function for the 'simple growth' of the plants \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{*Redifferentiation} & development of undifferentiated callus into planta differentiated \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Regeneration Pathway Image}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/woozing_1650511131_Screenshot 2022-04-21 111807.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.44 cm} x{4.56 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Regeneration Pathway}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Organogenesis} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-initiation and development of tissues and organ from cells which is not meristems} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
a) \seqsplit{Dedifferentiation} & -starts shortly after the isolation of explant \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & -rapid cell division and formation of undifferentiated cells (callus) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
b) \seqsplit{Redifferentiation} (budding) & -starts after the first callus cell forms \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & -tissue named organ primordia is differentiated from callus cells \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & -organ primordia will give rise to small meristems (cells densely filled with protoplasm and strikingly large nuclei) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & -different types of specialized cells will further differentiate \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & -vascular system formed will connect new organs with the parent explant/callus mass \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 0)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{2. Somatic Embryogenesis} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-dedifferentiation of plant somatic cell into totipotent embryonic stem cell then to differentiated embryos} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.44 cm} x{4.56 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Regeneration Pathway (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-embryonic stem cell need to have the ability to give rise to an embryo which can further develop into a whole new plant without sexual fertilization of zygotic embryos} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
a) initiated directly & from explants \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
b) initiated indirectly & from callus \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Process} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{1) induction of embryogenic cultures from zygotic seed, leaf or stem segment} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{2) further multiplication of embryos} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{3) mature embryos are then cultured for germination and plantlet development} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{4) transferred to soil} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 0)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{3. Histogenesis} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{-differentiation of undifferentiated cells and their component cell types into specific tissues and organ} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 0)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{*Somatic embryos - embryos form from ordinary plant cells(2n) which normally are not involved in embryo development} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Tissue Culture}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Appropriate tissue} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. Sterile conditions with aseptic techniques} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. Suitable growth medium} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Factors Affecting Plant Tissue Culture}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. Growth Media & -minerals, growth factors, carbon source, hormones \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
2. Environmental Factors & -light, temperature, photoperiod, sterility, media \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. Explant Source & -usually, younger, less differentiated explant is a better explant source \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
4. Genetics & -different species show difference in amenability to tissue culture \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & -different genotype within a species will have variable response to tissue culture \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Explant}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-small pieces of plant parts or tissues that are aseptically cut from a matured plant and used to initiate a culture in a nutrient medium} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-almost all parts of plant are amenable to in vitro plant regeneration provided that they are able to dedifferentiate into totipotent cells} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-to grow, it require a nutrient medium consisting of mineral salts mixture, a carbon source, (usually sucrose) and vitamins} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-to initiate and maintain cell division, it need phytohormones (auxins and cytokines) in the nutrient medium} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-occasionally, to ensure the prolonged growth of the excised tissue to give an established callus, other organic supplements (amino acids or hexitols) is also needed} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{correct choice of explant material can have an important effect on the success of a tissue culture experiment}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.08 cm} x{3.92 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Explants used in Micropropagation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
shoot tip & leaf tip \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
axillary bud & shoot tip \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
inflorescence segment & nodal segment \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
lateral bud & flower stalk segment \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
leaf base & root tips \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Explant Selection}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{-correct choice of explant material can have an important effect on the success of a tissue culture experiment} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1. Season in which the explant is obtained & season of the year can affect on the \seqsplit{contamination} and response in culture &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2. \seqsplit{Position/part} of plant & explants of various organs of a same parent plant vary in their rate of growth \& regeneration &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & in certain plants some organs may be more regenerative than the others &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. Quality of the source plant & best to obtain explants from healthy plants compared to plants under nutritional or water stress or plants which are exhibiting disease symptoms &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Explant Selection (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
4. Size of explant (commonly: 1-1.5 x 104 cells/ml) & minimum inoculation size of explant varies according to the genotype of the plant being cultured and the cultural conditions &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 & -large explants generally survive more frequently and grow more rapidly at the outset than very small ones &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 9)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & -large explants probably contain more nutrient reserves and plant growth regulators to sustain the culture &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 9)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & -smaller explant harder to culture where the medium of culture has to have additional components &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Explant Selection (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & -smaller explant increase the chance of virus elimination from subsequent cultures &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
5. The purpose/ goal of the proposed culture & choice of explant tissue will vary depending on what type of a response is desired from the cell culture &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 8)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & a) clonal propagation & lateral or terminal shoot or bud \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & b) callus induction & cotyledon, hypocotyl, stem, leaf, or embryo \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & c) protoplast isolation & leaf tissue from aseptically germinated seed \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
6. The kind of culture to be initiated & choice of explant material also determines if the plantlets developed via tissue culture are &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Explant Selection (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & a) \seqsplit{haploid/diploid} &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & b) cell/organ &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
7. \seqsplit{Physiological} \seqsplit{condition/age} of the explant source & younger tissue is more responsive in vitro, usually the newest formed and is easier to surface disinfect and establish clean cultures &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 11)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & older tissue will not form callus that is capable of regeneration &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Micropropagation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce a large number of progeny plants, using modern plant tissue culture methods} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantage of Plant Tissue Culture}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{In plants prone to virus diseases, virus free explants (new meristem tissue is usually virus free) can be cultivated to provide virus free plants} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Plant "tissue banks" can be frozen, the regenerated through tissue culture} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Plant culture in approved media are easier to export than soil-grown plants, as they are pathogen free and take up little space (most current plant export is now done in this manner} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Tissue culture allows fast selections for crop improvement – explants are chosen from superior plants then cloned} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{High degree of uniformity (true type plants) when compared to conventionally produced plants} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disadvantage of Plant Tissue Culture}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{It is a labor intensive \& expensive process.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{There is a chance that the propagated plants will be less resilient to diseases due to the type of environment they are grown in.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{It is imperative that, before being cultured, the material is screened; failure to pick up any abnormalities could lead to the new plants being infected.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{While the success rate is high if the correct procedures are followed, success with the tissue culture is not a guarantee. There is still a chance that the process triggers a secondary metabolic chemical reaction, and the new explants or cells' growth gets stunted, or even die off} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}