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\author{wendyzhuwang}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (life-processes-y9.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (wendyzhuwang)
  /Subject (life processes Y9 Cheat Sheet)
}

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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{life processes Y9 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{wendyzhuwang} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/159715/cs/33637/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}wendyzhuwang \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/wendyzhuwang} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 25th August, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CELL STRUCTURE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Cytoplasm:} & Living material that makes up a cell \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & between solid-liquid (texture) \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & made of many structures, can be seen in an electron microscope \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & structures -\textgreater{} {\bf{organelles}} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nucleus: & largest organelle \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Contains: & {\bf{chromosomes}} (carry genes) \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & important group of proteins:{\bf{enzymes}} (control the chemical reactions in the cytoplasm) \tn 
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% Row 7
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Cell membrane: & thin layer \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & forms a boundary between cytoplasm-outside \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & chemicals can pass into and out -\textgreater{} membrane is {\bf{partially permeable}} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & can go further \& {\emph{control}} the movement-{\bf{selectively permeable}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Mitochondrion:} & need a lot of energy (muscle/nerve cells) \tn 
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% Row 12
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 & carry out reactions of {\bf{respiration}} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- The DNA stays in the nucleus, proteins are carried to the cytoplasm, they are put together in {\bf{ribosomes}}.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14471 cm} x{3.83229 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PLANT CELLS}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cell wall: & layer of non-living material outside the cell membrane \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & made of {\bf{cellulose}} (carbohydrate) -\textgreater{} helps the cell to keep its shape \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Vacuole: & large central space surrounded by a membrane \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & permanent feature of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & filled w/ {\bf{cell sap}} (store of dissolved sugars, mineral ions and other solutes) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Chloroplast:} & absorbs light energy to make food (photosynthesis) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & contains {\bf{chlorophyll}} (green pigment) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ENZYMES: CONTROLLING REACTIONS IN THE CELL}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Chemical reactions are controlled by {\bf{enzymes}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Enzymes are biological {\bf{catalysts}}} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Catalysts: chemical which speeds up a reaction w/out being used up itself} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- It takes part in the reaction, but then is unchanged and free to catalyse more} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Cells contain many different enzymes, each catalysing different reactions} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{genes -\textgreater{} proteins (enzymes) -\textgreater{} catalyse reactions} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{KEY POINT}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Metabolic reactions: chemical reactions in a cell} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Metabolism}}: sum of all the metaboloic reactions} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Enzymes' function: catalyse these reactions} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{KEY POINT 2}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In the intestine enzymes are covered onto the food to break it down -\textgreater{} {\emph{extracellular enzymes}} (outside cells)} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{However, most enzymes stay inside cells and do their function there -\textgreater{} {\emph{intracellular}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{KEY POINT 3}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Secretion}} is the release of fluid/substances from a cell/tissue} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Why are enzymes important?}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- The temperatures inside the organisms are low} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{e.g-\textgreater{} human 37ºC, w/out catalysts the reactions would be too slow to allow life to go on} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Reactions only take place quickly enough when enzymes are ther to speed them up} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ENZYMES 2}}  \tn
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{\bf{Substrate:}} & molecule that an enzyme acts on \tn 
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{\bf{Active site:}} & small area on an enzyme's surface \tn 
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{\bf{Lock and key model:}} & the substrate fits into the active site of the enzyme like a key fitting into a lock \tn 
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 & a substrate will only fit into the active site of a particular enzyme \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1- the substrate attaches to the active site of the enzyme \newline 2- the reaction the takes place and products are formed \newline 3- substrate joins up w/ the active site -\textgreater{} lowers the energy needed for the reaction to start, allowing the products to be formed easily}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{enzyme catalysing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/wendyzhuwang_1661331900_Captura de pantalla 2022-08-24 a las 11.01.56.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TEMPERATURE}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{As the enzyme is heated up to the {\bf{optimum}} temperature, the rise in temperature increases the rate of reaction.} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{↑ temperatures give the enzyme's molecules \& substrate + kinetic energy -\textgreater{} they collide more often} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{+ collisions -\textgreater{} reaction will take place more frequently} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{KEY POINT}} \newline "Optimum" temperature means the "best" temperature (temperature at which the reaction takes place most rapidly)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TEMPERATURE 2}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{However, above the optimum, temperature has another effect} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Enzymes are made of proteins-\textgreater{} proteins are broken down by heat} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Denatured:}} ↑40ºC, heat destroys the enzyme} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Denaturing changes the shape of the active site so the substrate won't fit into it} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Denaturing's permanent- enzyme molecules won't catalyse the reaction} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{effect of t on the action of an enzyme}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/wendyzhuwang_1661445526_Captura de pantalla 2022-08-25 a las 18.26.41.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{pH}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{pH's inside cells is neutral (pH7) \& most enzymes have evolved to work best at this pH.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{at extremes of pH either side of neutral, the enzyme activity decreases (photo)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{optimum pH:}} pH at which the enzyme works best} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{either side of the optimum, the pH affects the structure of the enzyme molecule \& changes the shape of its active site-\textgreater{} substrate won't fit into it so well} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{pH figure}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/wendyzhuwang_1661446392_Captura de pantalla 2022-08-25 a las 18.27.24.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HOW THE CELL GETS ITS ENERGY}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{how does it get energy? ↓} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{respiration:}} break down food molecules to release the stored chemical energy that they contain} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{oxygen: oxidise food} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{carbon dioxide \& water: are released as waste products} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{glucose}} (sugar):main food oxidised, contains stored chemical energy that can be converted into other forms of energy} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{respiration releases {\bf{ATP}}, can be used in ↓} \tn 
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% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-contraction of muscle cells (movement)} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- active transport of molecules and ions} \tn 
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% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- building large molecules (proteins)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- cell division} \tn 
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% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{reaction for respiration ↓↓} \tn 
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% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{glucose + oxygen -\textgreater{} carbon dioxide + water (+energy)} \tn 
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% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{C\textasciicircum{}6\textasciicircum{}H\textasciicircum{}12\textasciicircum{}O\textasciicircum{}6\textasciicircum{} + 6O\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} -\textgreater{} 6CO\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} + 6H\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}O} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{⌙-\textgreater{} {\bf{aerobic respiration}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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