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  /Title (organic-chem.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Conc. (Walkask))
  /Subject (organic chem Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{organic chem Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Conc. (Walkask)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/167118/cs/43605/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Conc. (Walkask) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/walkask} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 9th June, 2024.\\
   Updated 10th June, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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{\bf{反应类型}} & {\bf{通式/反应机理}} & {\bf{例子}} \tn 
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燃烧 & C\textasciitilde{}x\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}y\textasciitilde{} + (X+$\frac{1}{4}$Y)O\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}点燃\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}X CO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} +($\frac{1}{2}$Y)H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}O & CH\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{} +2O\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}点燃\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{} CO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} +2H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}O \tn 
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\seqsplit{取代（卤化）} & 链引发：\{\{nl\}\}Cl\textasciicircum{}·\textasciicircum{}-Cl\textasciicircum{}·\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{}光照\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}Cl\textasciitilde{}·\textasciitilde{}+Cl\textasciitilde{}·\textasciitilde{} （离子）\{\{nl\}\} 链传递：\{\{nl\}\}Cl\textasciitilde{}·\textasciitilde{}+CH\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}-\textgreater{}HCl + H\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}C\textasciicircum{}·\textasciicircum{} \{\{nl\}\}H\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}C\textasciicircum{}·\textasciicircum{} + Cl\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}-\textgreater{}CH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}Cl+Cl\textasciitilde{}·\textasciitilde{}\{\{nl\}\}链终止：\{\{nl\}\} Cl\textasciicircum{}·\textasciicircum{} + Cl\textasciitilde{}·\textasciitilde{}-\textgreater{}Cl\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}\{\{nl\}\}Cl\textasciitilde{}·\textasciitilde{}+CH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}\textasciicircum{}·\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}CH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}Cl\{\{nl\}\}H\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}C\textasciitilde{}·\textasciitilde{}+ CH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}\textasciicircum{}·\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}C\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}6\textasciitilde{} & CH\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{} + Cl\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}光照\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{} CH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}Cl + HCl \{\{nl\}\}CH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}Cl + Cl\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}光照\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{} CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}Cl\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} + HCl \{\{nl\}\}CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}Cl\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} + Cl\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -光照-\textgreater{} CHCl\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{} + HCl \{\{nl\}\} CHCl\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{} + Cl\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -光照-\textgreater{} CCl + HCl \tn 
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\seqsplit{受热分解} & CH\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}-\textasciicircum{}加热1000°C\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}C+H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} & C\textasciitilde{}16\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}34\textasciitilde{}-\textasciicircum{}Δ\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}C\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}10\textasciitilde{} + C\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}8\textasciitilde{} \tn 
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取代 & 在{\bf{光照或加热条件下}}进行{\bf{卤代反应}}，可生成{\bf{卤代烷}} & Δ+Cl\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}光照\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}Δ\_Cl + HCl \tn 
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开环{\bf{(催化加氢)}} & {\bf{环破裂与试剂结合}} & Δ+H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}Ni\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{} C\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}8\textasciitilde{} \tn 
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开环{\bf{(加H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} 或 HX)}} & {\bf{环大小不同，开环难易度也不同}} & Δ+Br\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textgreater{} BrCH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}Br \tn 
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加成 & \seqsplit{催化加氢} {\bf{H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}}} & \seqsplit{在Pt、Pd、Ni、的催化下反应} & C\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{} + H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}Pd\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{} C\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}6\textasciitilde{} \tn 
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 & \seqsplit{加卤化氢} {\bf{HX}} & 碳正离子可快速与卤素结合\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{须遵守马尔科夫尼科夫规则}} & C\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{} + HCl -\textgreater{}CH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}Cl \tn 
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 & 加卤素 {\bf{X\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}}} （溶于CCl\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}的Br) & 橙红色CCl\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}褪色 & H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}C=CHCH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{} +Br\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}CCl\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}Br-CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}-CHBr-CH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{} \tn 
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 & 加卤素 {\bf{X\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}}} \seqsplit{（氯水或溴水）} & {\bf{卤素会加到拥有较多H原子的双键碳上，羟基则会加到拥有较少的H原子上}}\{\{nl\}\}黄绿色氯水变橙黄色\{\{nl\}\}橙黄色溴水褪色 & H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}C=CHCH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{} + H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}O + Br\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textgreater{} Br-CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}-CHOH-CH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{} \tn 
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 & 加水 & 一般上水中的{[}H\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{}{]}浓度较低，因此需要催化剂生成{\bf{醇}}\{\{nl\}\}不对称的烯烃反应，须遵守{\bf{马尔科夫尼可夫守则}} & H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}C=CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} + H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}O -\textasciicircum{}H\textasciicircum{}\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{}\textasciicircum{},Δ\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}H\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}C-CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}OH \tn 
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\seqsplit{氧化反应} & 稀、冷碱性KMnO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}溶液 & 紫色碱性高锰酸钾褪色\{\{nl\}\}生成褐色沉淀 & 3CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}=CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}KMnO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}/OH-\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{} 3CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}OH-CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}OH + MnO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} \tn 
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 & 稀、冷酸性KMnO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}溶液 & \seqsplit{紫色酸性高锰酸钾褪色} & 3CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}=CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}KMnO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}/H+\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{} 3CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}OH-CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}OH \tn 
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 & 浓、热酸性KMnO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}溶液 & 依照C=C两端所连接的原子/原子团，氧化后会出现{\bf{三种不同的产物}} & 连着两个氢原子：得到{\bf{甲醛}}后持续氧化成{\bf{二氧化碳和水}}\{\{nl\}\}连着一个氢原子和一个R基：得到{\bf{醛类}}后持续氧化成{\bf{羧酸}}\{\{nl\}\}连着两个R基：生成{\bf{酮类}} \tn 
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\seqsplit{聚合/加成聚合反应} & \seqsplit{高温高压，催化剂} & π键断裂相互作用形成的{\bf{高分子化合物}}\{\{nl\}\}烯烃从{\bf{单体}}转为{\bf{聚合物}} & n H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}C=CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}高温高压，催化剂\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{} (R-{[}CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}-CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}{]}-R)\textasciitilde{}n\textasciitilde{} \tn 
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燃烧 & 点燃 & C\textasciitilde{}x\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}y\textasciitilde{} + (X+$\frac{1}{4}$Y)O\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}点燃\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}X CO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} +($\frac{1}{2}$Y)H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}O & C\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}8\textasciitilde{} + 6O\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}点燃\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{} 4CO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} + \$H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}O \tn 
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{\bf{实验}}制法\{\{nl\}\}醇脱水法 & 加催化剂{\bf{浓硫酸}}\{\{nl\}\}或{\bf{Al\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}O\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}}}并在170°C下反应 & \seqsplit{醇在浓硫酸和氧化铝的催化下可脱水得到烯烃} & CH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}-CH-OH-CH3\textasciitilde{}-\textasciicircum{}浓硫酸，170°C\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}=CHCH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{} \tn 
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\seqsplit{卤代烃脱卤化氢} & \seqsplit{溶于乙醇的KOH溶液或NaOH溶液} & \seqsplit{在一定条件下（加热），从有机物分子中脱去一小分子，会生成不饱和烃（含碳碳双键或碳碳三键）} & CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}Br-CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}Br+NaOH-\textasciicircum{}乙醇，Δ\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}=CHCH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}+NaCl+H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}O \tn 
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加成 & \seqsplit{催化加氢} {\bf{H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}}} & 在Pt、Pd、Ni、的催化下反应生成{\bf{烯烃}}，若进一步加氢可生成{\bf{烷烃}}\{\{nl\}\}若想制取{\bf{烯烃}}则使用{\bf{林德拉试剂}} & HC≡CH + H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}Pt\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}C\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}6\textasciitilde{}\{\{nl\}\}HC≡CH+H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}林德拉\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}C=CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} \tn 
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 & 加卤素 & 炔烃可与Cl\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}、Br\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}、I\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}加成，先制成{\bf{二卤代物}}，接着继续加成制得{\bf{四卤代物}} & HC≡CCH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{} + 2Br\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}-\textasciicircum{}CCl4\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}1,1,2,2-四溴丙烷 \tn 
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 & \seqsplit{加氢卤酸} {\bf{HX}} & 炔烃可与氢卤酸{\bf{HX}}加成，制成{\bf{二卤代物}}\{\{nl\}\}若使用{\bf{CuCl或HgCl\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}作为催化剂}}，则只进行一步加成反应\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{须遵循马尔科夫尼科夫原则}} & HC≡CH +2HCl -\textgreater{} H\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}C-CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}Cl\{\{nl\}\}H\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}CHC≡CH +HCl -\textasciicircum{}CuCl\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{} H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}C-CHCl-CH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{炔烃 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 加水 & 必须有{\bf{HgSO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}和H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}SO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}}}作为催化剂才能进行\{\{nl\}\}-C≡C-与一个H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}O加成后生成{\bf{烯醇}}。烯醇不稳定，{\bf{羟基上的氢原子会马上转移至另一个碳原子上}} & HC≡CH + H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}O -\textasciicircum{}HgSO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{},H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}SO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}C=CHOH（烯醇）\{\{nl\}\}H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}C=CHOH-\textgreater{}H\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}C-CH=O \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 20)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 酸/碱 性KMnO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}溶液 & 紫色KMnO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}褪色\{\{nl\}\}生成褐色沉淀 & 碱：3HC≡CH+10KMnO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}+2H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}O-\textgreater{}6CO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}+10KOH+10MnO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}\{\{nl\}\}酸：5CH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}C≡CH+8KMnO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}+12H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}SO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}-\textgreater{}5CO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}+5CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}COOH+8MnSO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}+4K\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}SO\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}+12H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}O \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.8354 cm} x{1.08602 cm} x{1.12779 cm} x{1.12779 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{炔烃 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
燃烧 & 点燃 & C\textasciitilde{}x\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}y\textasciitilde{} + (X+Y/4) -\textasciicircum{}点燃\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{}X CO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} +(Y/2)H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}O & 2 C\textasciitilde{}6\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}10\textasciitilde{} + 17O\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} -\textasciicircum{}点燃\textasciicircum{}-\textgreater{} 12CO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} + 10H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}O \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{末段炔的金属取代反应} & \seqsplit{硝酸银的氨溶液} {\bf{Ag(NH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{})\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}}}\{\{nl\}\}氯化亚铜的氨溶液{\bf{Cu(NH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{})\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{}}} & R-C≡C-H中的H被称为末端氢，末端氢能被一些{\bf{金属原子}}取代，生成{\bf{金属炔化物}}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{溶于氨水的银盐(硝酸银的氨溶液)}}生成{\bf{白色固体}}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{溶于氨水的铜(}}I{\bf{)盐(氯化亚铜的氨溶液)}}生成{\bf{红棕色固体}} & HC≡CCH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}+Ag(NH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{})\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}-\textgreater{}Ag-C≡C-CH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{} + NH\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} +NH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 28)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.58478 cm} p{0.58478 cm} x{1.50372 cm} x{1.50372 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{苯环的取代反应}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{反应种类}} & {\bf{反应试剂}} & {\bf{催化剂与温度}} & {\bf{产物}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{卤化} & Cl\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}、Br\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} & AlX\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{} 或FeX\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{} & {\bf{氯苯与HCl}}或{\bf{溴苯与HBr}}\{\{nl\}\}一般会产生{\bf{少量}}的{\bf{二卤代苯}}，且主要为{\bf{邻二卤苯}}和{\bf{对二卤苯}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{硝化} & \seqsplit{浓硝酸} & \seqsplit{浓硫酸60°C} & 硝基苯与水\{\{nl\}\}硝基苯的物理性质：微黄色油状液体 \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & 浓硫酸100°C\{\{nl\}\}（引入第二个硝基） & 间二甲苯 \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{磺化} & \seqsplit{浓硫酸} & 80°C & \seqsplit{苯磺酸与水} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & 200°C\{\{nl\}\}（引入第二个磺酸基） & \seqsplit{间苯二磺酸} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{烷基化} & \seqsplit{卤代烷} & AlX\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{} & 反应中，苯的{\bf{H原子被烷基（-CH\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}、-C\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}5\textasciitilde{})取代}} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.58478 cm} p{0.58478 cm} x{1.50372 cm} x{1.50372 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{苯环的取代反应 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{酰基化} & \seqsplit{酰卤、酸酐} & AlX\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{} & 反应中，苯与{\bf{酰卤、酸酐}}反应生成{\bf{酮}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.62655 cm} p{0.58478 cm} x{1.62903 cm} x{1.33664 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{苯}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{反应类型}} & {\bf{试剂}} & {\bf{条件}} & {\bf{产物}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{取代反应} & \seqsplit{参考上一则} & - &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{加成反应} & 加H\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} & 在{\bf{Pt、Pa、Ni}}的催化下进行氢化反应 & \seqsplit{生成环己烷} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 加X\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} & 在{\bf{光照}}下，氯气通入沸腾的苯进行氯化反应 & 生成1,2,3,4,5,6-六氯环己烷 \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{燃烧反应} & \seqsplit{氧气} & 点燃 & \seqsplit{水和二氧化碳} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{苯环进行取代基}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{苯环的活化基}} & -NH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}、-OH、-OR、-R、-C\textasciitilde{}6\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}5\textasciitilde{}、-X \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{苯环的活化基效果}} & 当苯环存在活化基时，则第二个取代基主要进入{\bf{邻位}}和{\bf{对位}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{苯环的钝化基}} & -NO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}、-CN、-COOH、SO\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}H、COOR、-CO、COCl、CONH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{苯环的钝化基效果}} & 当苯环存在钝化基时，则第二个取代基主要进入{\bf{间位}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{甲苯}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{烷基苯化学反应}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{甲苯} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{甲苯} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{甲苯} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{甲苯} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{甲苯} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{加成反应}}\{\{nl\}\}甲苯} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{苯环侧链反应}}\{\{nl\}\}甲苯} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 0)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 0)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{甲苯制取}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{以{\bf{苯}}制取{\bf{甲苯}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{3.33459 cm} x{1.64241 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{有机物类别}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
烷烃 & C\textasciitilde{}n\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}2n+2\textasciitilde{} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
烯烃/环烷烃 & C\textasciitilde{}n\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}2n\textasciitilde{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{炔烃/二烯烃/环烯烃} & C\textasciitilde{}n\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}2n-2\textasciitilde{} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
苯与苯的同系物 & C\textasciitilde{}n\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}2n-6\textasciitilde{} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
卤代烃 & C\textasciitilde{}n\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}2n+1\textasciitilde{}X \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
醇/醚 & C\textasciitilde{}n\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}2n+2\textasciitilde{}O \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
醛/酮 & C\textasciitilde{}n\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}2n\textasciitilde{}O \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
酸/脂 & C\textasciitilde{}n\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}2n\textasciitilde{}O\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{辨认同系物}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{组成元素相同} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{官能团种类相同} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{官能团数量相同} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{化学性质相同，即制取方式相同}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{相差≥1个CH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.46464 cm} x{1.55618 cm} x{1.55618 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{异构体类型}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{异构体类型}} & {\bf{定义}} & {\bf{例子}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{碳链异构体} & \seqsplit{碳链结构不同引起的同分异构体} & {\bf{丁烯}}与{\bf{2-甲基丙烯}}\{\{nl\}\}二者皆为C\textasciitilde{}4\textasciitilde{}H\textasciitilde{}8\textasciitilde{} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{位置异构体} & \seqsplit{官能团位置不同造成的同分异构体} & {\bf{1-丁烯}}与{\bf{2-丁烯}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{官能团异构体} & \seqsplit{有机物官能团所引起的同分异构体} & {\bf{丁烷}}与{\bf{环丁烷}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
正反异构体/\{\{nl\}\}位置异构体 & \seqsplit{双键两端碳原子所接的分子不同造成的同分异构体} & 如图 \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{3.23505 cm} x{1.74195 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{\seqsplit{有机物次序（由上至下，由大到小）}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
羧基 & -COOH \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
磺基 & -SO\textasciitilde{}3\textasciitilde{}H \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
酯基 & -COOR \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
酰卤 & -COX \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
酰胺 & -CONH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
腈基 & -CN \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
醛基 & -CHO \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
酮基 & -O=C- \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
醇基 & -OH \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
氨基 & -NH\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
烯烃 & -C=C- \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
炔烃 & -C≡C- \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
醚基 & -OR \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
氟\textgreater{}氯\textgreater{}溴\textgreater{}碘 & -X \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
硝基 & -NO\textasciitilde{}2\textasciitilde{} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{正反异构体}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/walkask_1718009005_image_2024-06-10_174312311.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{\seqsplit{马尔科夫尼科夫规则}}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/walkask_1717932724_image_2024-06-09_203152356.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{当双键两边不对称的烯烃（C=C）与} 卤化氢（H-X) 或 \seqsplit{水（H-OH）起加成反应时，π键断裂，H加到含氢较多的碳原子上}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{官能团命名}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. \seqsplit{若只有一种官能团：以它为母体，从靠近它的一端开始编号码，其余取代基为支链。} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
2. \seqsplit{⁠若有两种官能团：比较先后次序，位次高的为母体，位次低的为取代基。} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\seqsplit{若剩余的取代基也是官能团，再继续比较先后次序，位次高的官能团写在后面（靠近母体）、位次低的写在前面。} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 4)
3. R烃基 {\emph{不是官能团}}，比较取代基们的位次时，才需要考量R烃基。 \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
名字的结构顺序： \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
位次最低的取代基 \seqsplit{➡️位次低的取代基➡️位次高的取代基➡️位次最高的官能团（母体）}% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}