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\author{vininangia}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (4-1-cell-biology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (vininangia)
  /Subject (4.1 Cell Biology Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{4.1 Cell Biology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{vininangia} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/96079/cs/20784/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}vininangia \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/vininangia} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 19th October, 2019.\\
   Updated 19th October, 2019.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes}}  \tn
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Eukaryotic cells & from eukaryotes that have a cell membrane, ctyoplasm, and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
Prokaryotic cells & from prokaryotic organisms have a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane,. a cell wall Mat does not contain cellulose genetic material is a DNA loop that is free in the cytoplasm end not enclosed by a nucleus. Sometimes there are one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 10)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Specialisation in Animal Cells Key points}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{As an organism develops, cells differentiate to form different types of cells.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{As an animal cell differentiates to form a specialised cell it acquires different sub-cellular structures to enable it to carry Out a certain function.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Examples of specialised animal cells are nerve cells, muscle cells, and sperm cells} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Animal cells may be specialised to function within a tissue. an organ. organ systems. or whole organisms.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14471 cm} x{3.83229 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell specialisation in Animal cells - detailed}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Nerve Cells & carry electrical impulses \tn 
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Muscle Cells & contract and relax + striated muscle cells work together \tn 
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Sperm Cells & has genetic info from male + get to egg \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{with adaptations}}  \tn
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Nerve Cells & 1)Long axon that carries nerve impulses 2) lots of dendrites to make connections 3)synapse passes impulses using special transmitter chemicals \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Muscle Cells & 1)Special sliding proteins making fibres contract 2)contain mitochondria required for chemical reactions 3)stores glycogen-used by mitochondria to transfer energy \tn 
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% Row 2
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Sperm Cells & 1)Long tail for movement 2)middle section has mitochondria (energy)  for the tail to work 3)Acrosome has digestive enzymes for breaking egg's outer-shell 4)Large nucleus with genetic info \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cloning Plants}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In the right conditions, a plant cell will become unspecialised and will undergo mitosis many times. Each of these undifferentiated, recently made ells will produce more cells by mitosis.} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In different conditions, these will then differentiate to form tissues such as xylem, phloem, and root hair cells that are needed to form a small new plant. This new plant will be identical to the original parent.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It's difficult to clone animals because most animal cells differentiate permanently early in embryo development and the cells cannot change back.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Animal and Plant cells}}  \tn
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Key Points & Animal cell features common to all cells — a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes. &  \tn 
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 & Plant and algal cells contain all the structures seen in animal cells as well as a cellulose cell wall. Many plant cells also contain chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole filled with sap. &  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Specialisation in Plant cells Key points}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Plant cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Examples of specialised plant cells are root hair cells, photosynthetic cells, xylem cells, and phloem cells} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Plant cells may be specialised to function within tissues, organs, organ systems, or whole organisms.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Specialisation in Plant cells detailed}}  \tn
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Root hair cells & takes up water and mineral ions \tn 
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Xylem cells & is non-living and carries water from roots to leaves and shoots \tn 
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Phloem cells & is living and carries dissolved food both ways \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{with adaptations}}  \tn
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Root hair cells & 1)Large surface area for water absorption 2)Large permanent vacuole to speed up water movement by osmosis 3)Many mitochondria (energy) for active transport \tn 
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Xylem cells & 1)Are initially alive but lignin forms and cells die, forming long hollow tubes 2)The spirals of lignin make tubes strong \tn 
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% Row 2
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Phloem cells & 1)Cell walls break down to form sieve plates to allow water carrying dissolved food move 2)Supported by companion cells bcos internal structures and mitochondria in CC transfer energy \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell differentiation in Animal cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In the early stages of animal and plant embryos, the cells are unspecialised. Any cell (stem cells) can become any cell required.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{By birth, most cells are specialised to carry out a specific job, such as nerve cells, skin cells, or muscle cells. They have then been differentiated.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Most specialised cells can divide by mitosis, but only form the same type of cell (e.g Muscle cells divide to produce more muscle cells).} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{However, some differentiated cells such as RBC or skin cells cannot divide and so adult stem cells replace dead or damaged cells. (Nerve cells are not usually replaced)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organelles and functions}}  \tn
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nucleus & controls all the activities of the cell and is surrounded by the nuclear membrane. Contains genes on chromosomes with instructions for making proteins needed for new cells/organisms \tn 
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cytoplasm & liquid gel in which the organelles are suspended and where most of the chemical reactions needed for life take place \tn 
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cell membrane & regulates what enters and leaves the cell e.g glucose and mineral ions (in) \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{mitochondria} & structures in the cytoplasm where aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy for the cell \tn 
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ribosomes & where protein synthesis takes place, making all the proteins needed in the cell \tn 
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cell wall & is made of cellulose and strengthens the cell and gives it support \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
chloroplast & where photosynthesis takes place. It contains chlorophyll - the green pigment in plants which absorbs the light \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
permanent vacuole & the space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap. The vacuole also provides the cell with structural support, food/water storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell differentiation Key points}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In plant cells, mitosis takes place throughout life in the meristems found in the shoot and root tips.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cells produced by mitosis are genetically identical to the parent cell} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Many types of plants cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Most types of animal cells differentiate at an early stage of development.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repair and replacement. As a cell differentiates it acquires different sub-cellular structures to enable it to carry out a certain function. It has become a specialised cell.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell differentiation in Plant cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Most plant cells are able to differentiate all through their lives. Undifferentiated cells are formed in meristems in stems and roots. In the meristems, mitosis is constantly occurring.} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Plants keep growing throughout their lives at 'growing points'. The plant cells produced don;t differentiate until they are in their final position in the plat. Even then, the differentiation isn't permanent and plant cells can switch plants, re-differentiate and become a new type of cell.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Microscopy}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{An electron microscope has much higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope. This means that it can be used to study cells in much finer detail. This has enabled biologists to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures.} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{size of image = magnification    /    size of real object} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Culturing microorganisms (aseptic techniques)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{pre:washed hands, disinfected tray, Bunsen burner, agar in water bath, lab coat} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{during:flaming the neck of bottles, palming technique for opening lids, pre-sterilised syringe and spreader, only open petri dish slightly, flaming tweezers} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{after:taped petri dish lid on to stop stuff going out and in, incubated petri dish @ 25 °C so any other micro's from growing, wash benches and hands again} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In conclusion, the best antiseptic is bleach because it is more alkali than the others, this is shown by its average area and diameter of the clear zone.} \tn 
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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