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\author{vickyb92}
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  /Title (torts-outline.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (vickyb92)
  /Subject (Torts Outline Cheat Sheet)
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\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Torts Outline Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{vickyb92} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/32937/cs/10833/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}vickyb92 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/vickyb92} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 22nd February, 2017.\\
   Updated 16th April, 2017.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.23579 cm} x{1.69349 cm} x{1.64772 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Battery}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Act}} & Voluntary act that is unconsented to by another party &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Harmful/offensive touching}} & {\emph{Harmful}}: Causing physical injury\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Offensive Touching}}: offending a person's reasonable sense of personal dignity & {\bf{Offensive Touching Factors}}: \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}i. Parties relationship \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}ii. P's \seqsplit{vulnerability/sensitivity} \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}iii.Context \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}iv. nature of D's Act \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}v. D's motive \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 15)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Intent}} & Purpose or substantial certainty result will occurr & {\bf{Single Intent}}:\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{1.}} Intends to cause a touching of another \& \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{2.}} The V finds the touching harmful or offensive {\emph{or}} the touching would be \seqsplit{harmful/offensive} to a person of ordinary sensibilities\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Dual Intent}}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{1.}} Intends to cause a touching of another \&\&\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{2.}}Intents the touching to be \seqsplit{harmful/offensive} \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}*don't forget to ask if V is a person of ordinary sensibilities \tn 
% Row Count 50 (+ 31)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Trespass to Land}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Rule} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Intentionally\{\{nl\}\}-{}-{}-{}-enters or causes\{\{nl\}\}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-entry on the land\{\{nl\}\}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}--of another} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Intent} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Even if mistaken of who the property belonged, the intent to enter is all that matters} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tresspass to Chattles}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Rule} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Intentional \{\{nl\}\}-{}-{}-intermedling\{\{nl\}\}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-with the property\{\{nl\}\}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}--of another} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Damages?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Plaintiff must suffer loss of use of property\{\{nl\}\}Stealing a car v. a 10 minute joyride} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.50347 cm} x{2.05965 cm} x{2.01388 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assault}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Intentionally putting another in apprehension of an imminent harmful or offensive touching} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Overt Act}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
-{}-{}-{}-\textgreater{} & Apprehension & An awareness of an imminent touching = anticipation \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
-{}-{}-{}-\textgreater{} & Imminence & Does not have to be instantaneous, but would occur without delay \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{intent}} & Purpose or substantial certainty result will occur &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
-{}-{}-{}- & -{}-{}-{}- & If battery occurs, {\bf{transferred intent}} makes D guilty of battery even if they did not intend the touching to occur but want intended for the apprehension \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Words alone do not make the actor liable for assault {\bf{unless}} together w/acts or circumstances they put the other in reasonable apprehension}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Transferred Intent}}: Occurs when a Defendant intends to commit one tort and ends up committing another}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{[}IIED{]}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Extreme \& Outrageous Conduct}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\emph{Exceeds bounds of tolerable decency}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Factors:\{\{nl\}\}a.Repetitive/pattern of abuse\{\{nl\}\}b.chronic\{\{nl\}\}c.power differences\{\{nl\}\}d.severity of conduct\{\{nl\}\}e.vulnerabilities\{\{nl\}\}f.context\{\{nl\}\}g.discriminatory language\{\{nl\}\}h.death {[}howard stern example} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Intent/recklessness}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\emph{Purpose/substnatial certainity is not required}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{recklessness}}\{\{nl\}\}Disregard of substantial risk, precondition health} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Severe Emotional Harm}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}*When issue spotting, look for person's emotional well-being: i.e.-didn't eat,distraught} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{3rd Party claiming for IIED}}\{\{nl\}\}1.Plaintiff must be present\{\{nl\}\}2.Defendant knows plaintiff was present\{\{nl\}\}3.Blood relationship\{\{nl\}\}*if not family member, then the plaintiff must have suffered bodily harm}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DUAL INTENT V. SINGLE INTENT}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{*Intent}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Single Intent 1 \& 3} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Intents only to cause a touching (of another) \{\{nl\}\}2. V finds the touching harmful or offensive // {\emph{the touching would be harmful/offensive to a person of ordinary sensibilities}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Dual intent 2} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Intends to cause a touching \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{2. intends the touching to be harmful/offensive}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 0)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Thin Skull Rule}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Responsible for injuries and any harm reasonably foreseeble after initial injury} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conditional Assaults}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{A show of force accompanied by an unjustifiable or unlawful command compile as battery is an assault}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}(EX) If it wasn't tuesday I cut your throat} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conversion}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Rule} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Intentional\{\{nl\}\}-{}-{}-exercise of dominion\{\{nl\}\}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-over property\{\{nl\}\}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}--of another} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4 factors} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1.Assumes control\{\{nl\}\}2.deprives someone of use\{\{nl\}\}3.refuse to return on demand\{\{nl\}\}4.destroying property} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{mistakes do not matter}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}-joyrides do not count\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}-Plaintiff has lost use, dispossession, lost/damages}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{False Imprisonment}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Confinement}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}i.Physical restraint \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}ii.Durress of goods\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}iii.Physical barriers: No reasonable means of escaping\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}iv.Improper false assertion of legal authority\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}v.Threat of physical force to person, family, or property} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Awareness}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Victim has awareness or suffers injuries if there was no awareness \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Example-when a woman with diabtus was accidently locked in the library and had an attack overnight} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{intent}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}D acted with purpose or substantial certainty} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DEFENSES 4 intentional torts}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Recapturing Chattel} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. You can use reasonable force to obtain property, but no room for mistake (hot pursuit) \&\&\{\{nl\}\}2. TIME AND MANNER} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Shopkeeper Privlege} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Reasonable believe,\{\{nl\}\}2. Room for mistake} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{DEFENSES OF PROPERTY} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Reasonable force to defend property\{\{nl\}\}{[}no deadly force plz{]}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}You cant do by mechanical device what you can't do by person, i.e.-spring gun} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Brown v. Martinez} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Transferred intent from assault to battery (don't matter if touching occured, intended to apprehend, therefore harmful touching, a normal person would find offensive/harmful} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In Loco Parentis} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Parents can/are privilege to discipline their children \{\{nl\}\}-{}-\textgreater{}(and anyone else who stands in the place of parents, such as bus drivers, teachers, etc)} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cannot maintain privilege if using deadly force just because of a posted warning sign\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Defense rule: Privilege to use {\emph{reasonable force}} to protect yourself from {\emph{imminent danger}}}} \{\{nl\}\}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-\textgreater{}defense of others? \{\{nl\}\}A: Split jurisdiction on mistake}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Children \& Mentally Impaired}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Children}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Bright line rule: not really one, but normally any child below the age of seven or six, depends on state statutes that declare when a child is able to or not able to form the intent to be guilty of a tort\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Garrett v. Daley:}} \{\{nl\}\}Dailey's intent to cause a harmful bodily contact is inferred from his knowledge that the contact would occur} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Mentally Impaired}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}State by state, depends on whether the person ins able to form the intent or not\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Wagner v. State}}:\{\{nl\}\}State immune from battery cases, and so long as patient had intent to touch, that was enough to satisfy a battery, doesn't matter if he intended the touching to be malicious or not} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NEG: DAMAGES \$\$\$\$\$\$}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Actual Harm} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Physical injury and/or property damage} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{When more than 1 possible defendant? {\bf{ Joint \& Several Liability}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Two test: \{\{nl\}\}1. Multiple defendants acted in concerted (express or implied) engagement in a certain conduct\{\{nl\}\}-{}-\textgreater{}i.e., Dragracing\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}2. When multiple defendants negligence combined in an indivisible injury\{\{nl\}\}-{}-\textgreater{}One that cannot be reasonably approtioned with reasonable certainty} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Triggering JSL: Anyone defendant can be liable for the indivisible harm}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-\textgreater{}Under pure joint several liability Jdx, plaintiff can get 100\% damages from D1, even if D1 is only 25\% at fault, but is more reasonable for P to obtain damages from D1 if it is unlikely D2 will be able to pay the 75\% {[}or whatever it may be{]}. And then D1 can seek {\bf{contribution}} of 75\% from D2 on their own. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} -\textgreater{}In a pure several liability jdx, P is strictly limited to receving 25\% of damages from D1 and 75\% from D2\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}{\bf{Pure joint jdx}}, P is able to recieve 100\% from D1 if D2 has indeminity} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 14)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. Contribution and Indeminity} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NEGLIGENCE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{D}}/{\bf{B}}/{\bf{AC}}/{\bf{PC}}/{\bf{\$\$\$}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Negligence Per Se}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Negligence Por Que?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}This means that violation of the statute, even though that statute itself does  not say it, actually determines the actor's duty and breach} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Safety Statute?} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Class of Person?} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. Excuse?} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NEG: DUTY}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{(1) Is there a duty owed?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Trespasser}}: On land w/o permission; no privilege} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Duty not to intentionally or recklessly injure any T}} \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Discovered T}}:\{\{nl\}\}1. Duty to warn if know of danger and that T about to encounter\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Undiscovered Exceptions:}}\{\{nl\}\}1. Duty to reasonable warn only if Landowner knows or has reason to know of danger and that P might encounter (Reasonable care for activities) {\bf{OR}}\{\{nl\}\}2. Duty of reasonable care if T deviates in minor way from public highway or mislead into thinking it's public highway\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}No duty to inspect/discover Trespasser} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 14)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Child Trespasser}}: On land w/o permission; no privilege} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Duty to warn/make safe reasonably where:}} \{\{nl\}\}1.Trespass by kis is foreseeable\{\{nl\}\}2.L knows or has reason to know of daner from artifical condition\{\{nl\}\}3.Kids too young to appreciate dangers and avoid them} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Licensee}}: Permitted to enter land; entry for P's benefit} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Duty to reasonably warn}} {\emph{only if}} {\bf{L knows or has reason to know of danger and that P might encounter}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}No duty to inspect/make safe\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}EXAMPLES: {\emph{Social guest, T's privileged because of necessity, etc..}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Invitee}}: Business visitor or public invitee on land for benefit to L or mutual benefit or because open to public} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Duty of reasonable care}} {\emph{including}} {\bf{duty to inspect and make safe}} {\emph{non}} {\bf{obvious dangerous conditions}} {\emph{and}} {\bf{obvious conditions if injury foreseeable despite P's knowledge or if P must confront danger regardless of warning}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} Examples: {\emph{Customers, building inspectors...}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Trad'tl approach\{\{nl\}\}Open \& obvious doctrine: P barred from suing landowner for open and obvious dangerous situations \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Modern: certain situations where duty to foresee\{\{nl\}\}examples-\textgreater{}{\emph{grocier, ambulance paramedic, sometimes no choice but to confront obvious danger}}} \tn 
% Row Count 45 (+ 16)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NEG: DUTY (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Professional Rescuers}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Usually same as {\emph{licensee}}: L not liable for negligence creating fire, risks inherent in rescue or ordinary negligence that creates occasion for presence of rescuer at place where she's injured. Extended to prof. rescuers outside land. may be liable for independent acts or risks beyond scope of duties\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Examples: {\emph{Fire fighters \& cops \& safety officers-{}-Status determined by nature of work}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Special Duties}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{FFR}}: T as necessity privilege= firefighters? \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Doctors}}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}duty defined by {\emph{expert testimony}}\{\{nl\}\}Traditional approach-{\bf{pure locality}}\{\{nl\}\}-{}-\textgreater{}expert testimoney can only come from a local practitioner w/in same field and area\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{modified locality}}:\{\{nl\}\}-{}-\textgreater{}A physician of the same degree of care, skill and proficiency from a similiar community \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Majority rule:}}\{\{nl\}\}-{}-\textgreater{}National standard of care of other specialist in the field\{\{nl\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Informed Consent}} 50/50 A doctor's failure to disclose adequate information \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Materiality standard}}\{\{nl\}\}-{}-\textgreater{}Doctor has a duty to disclose all significant information that would be material to patients decision of operation \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Alternative Approach-Medical Standard of Disclosure}}\{\{nl\}\}-{}-\textgreater{}Looks to what other medical professions would disclose vis a vi locality rules in jdx\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{What should be disclosed?}}\{\{nl\}\}1. Nature and probability of risks\{\{nl\}\}2. benefits\{\{nl\}\}3.irreversability\{\{nl\}\}4.Unpredictability\{\{nl\}\}5.alternatives\{\{nl\}\}7.Risks of refusing\{\{nl\}\}-{}-\textgreater{}a.Causation for IC: {\bf{((1))}}Risk materialized {\bf{((2))}} P must show had she known, she would have refused {\bf{((3))}} A reasonable prudent person would have refused} \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 28)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NEG: DUTY (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{(2)What is the standard of care?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-\textgreater{}Default?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-{}-{}-{}-\textgreater{}Reasonable purdent person under the circumstances} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-\textgreater{}Child?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-{}-{}-{}-\textgreater{}Reasonable child of similiar age, intelligence, experience, andmental ability UNLESS acting in adult activity} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NEG: BREACH}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hand forumula}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Specific Conduct v. Alternative Conduct, evaluate whether conduct was then reasonable via foreseeability \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{B\textless{}PL}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{B}}: Burden of precaustions to eliminate or reduce the risk of harm\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{-\textgreater{}information\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}cost/benefit\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}giving up social activities}}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{P}}: The foreseeable severity of any harm that may ensue \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{L}}: Likelihood that the person's conduct will result in harm\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}*HF is most useful with conduct that is a deliberate choice} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Common Understanding}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}An actor is negligent only if his conduct created a foreseeable risk and the actor recognized or a resonable person would have recognized that risk? OR is it just as simple as don't run a red light?} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Private practice}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Manuals are persuasive-\textgreater{}{\emph{Walmart v. Wright}};\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}however reasonable care is an objective standard, not a private practice standard (w/ the exception with Doctors and other specialist)} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Custom}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}R: A person's departure/compliance from/with cutom of the community or of others in like circumstances can either help or hurt defendant \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}Existence of a safety custom might prove that harm was foreseeable\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}Manuals and standard of care {\bf{does not}} equal law\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}Saftey manuel reflects a higher standard of care {\emph{sometimes}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}Complying with statutes are the bare minimum, reasonable care may require higher standard of care, i.e.-TJ HOOPER} \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NEG: BREACH (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Notice of Oppurtunity}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\emph{Circumstantial Evidence}}:\{\{nl\}\}Defendant created dangerous condition {\bf{OR}} Defendant {\emph{knew}} of condition and failed to remedy} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Res Ipsa}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}R: Under certain circumstances, the very fact that an accident occurred leads to an inference that the accident was caused by negligence\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Requires:}}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{1.}} Does not ordinary occur without negligence\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{2.}}Other causes are sufficiently eliminated\{\{nl\}\}-{}-\textgreater{}Trad'tl: Control Rule-Plaintiff had to show that defendant had exclusive control of instrumentality that caused the harm \{\{nl\}\}-{}-\textgreater{}Modern: Restatement version-Considers Power of Control, Managing Control, Physical Control \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{3.}} Within the scope of defendant's duty-{}-Up to the jury} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 13)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Rule to start breach: "The defendant who breaches the duty of care is negligent"}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NEG: ACTUAL CAUSE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{But For}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}But for the defendant's negligent conduct, plaintiff would not have been injured {[}or as injured{]}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Substantial Factor}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}D1 and D2 acted in concert, and but for conduct is proved on both D1 \& D2= substantial contributing factor in P's injuries, and JSL can be applied so that P may recover fully (approptioned between Ds)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Lost Chance}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}But for D's negligence, "destroyed a substantial possibility" of achieving a more favorable outcome} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Alternative Liability}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}When only one defendant caused the harm, but cannot determine who\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}{\emph{Triggered by indivisble injuries}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NEG: PROXIMATE CAUSE, Scope of Liability}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Risk Rule}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The type of harm that occurs within the risk of defendant's negligence (foreseeable harm)\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}J.Cardozo: Narrow Approach-D is resonsible for injuries that can be foreseen\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}J.Andrews: D is resonsible for any direct injuries \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}1. Foreseeable Plaintiff?\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}2. Foreseeable harm? \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}Type/manner of harm does not have to be foreseeable and {\emph{extent}} of harm} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Rescue Doctrine}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-\textgreater{}Generally a rescure can recover from the defendent whose negligence promps the rescue if the rescuer had a reasonable belief that the victime was in peril} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Intervening Causes}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}An intervening act is one which operates after the defendant's original negligence to bring about the harm \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Must prove intervenor is superceding to relieve Defendent of liability, otherwise intervenor is dependant and is within the risk of D1's negligent conduct\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Trad'tl Approach:}}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}criminal intervenor = superceding\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}Acts of God and unforeseeable\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}Risk terminated\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}Suicide unless exception\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Modern approach:}}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}Criminal acts are not superceding if defendant exposed plaintiff\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}Suicide-{}-\textgreater{}If your job is to prevent others from hurting themselves\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}D's conduct put/left P in a position of Danger ({\emph{i.e.-Derdiarian \& wooden horse}}), cannot argue injuries from intervenor is superceeding\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}dependent intervenors that are forced to operate in response to defendent's negligence\{\{nl\}\}-{}-\textgreater{}Rescue Doctrine} \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 20)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{P/C Rule: A defendant is the proximate cause if the type of harm that resulted was foreseeable and within the risk of the defendant's negligence}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Defendant is liable only for\{\{nl\}\}1. Types of injuries foreseeably risked by D's negligence \{\{nl\}\}2. To classes of persons foreseeable in the scope of risk of D's negligence}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES TO NEG}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1. Contributory Negligence}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\emph{Plaintiff's failure to exercise care for own safety ({\bf{mirrors pfc of NEG}})}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Changes damages\{\{nl\}\}Traditonal/Minority Rule: {\bf{Pure Comparative Fault}}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}Plaintiff's recovery is reduced entirely if Plaintiff is found to be contributorly negligent even by a small percentage\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Modified Approach}}\{\{nl\}\}a. 50 and less? able to recover minus portion of plaintiff's portion of comparative fault\{\{nl\}\}b. A plaintiff that shares more than 50\% of fault recovers nothing} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{2. Assumption of Risk}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Consent: Express AOR}}\{\{nl\}\}Does the waiver encompass negligence and is the harm within the scope or outsisde the scope of D's duty\{\{nl\}\}Typically found within exculpatory clauses\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}Look at {\bf{Tunkle Factors}} to ensure excupatory clauses is enforceable\{nl\}\}1.Valid as a matter of policy?\{\{nl\}\}-{}-{}-\textgreater{}{\emph{Nature of services}}\{\{nl\}\}-{}-{}-\textgreater{}{\emph{Bargaining power}}\{\{nl\}\}-{}-{}-\textgreater{}{\emph{Plaintiff subject to D's carelessness?}}\{\{nl\}\}2.Faily entered into\{\{nl\}\}3.Clear and unambiguous\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Implied Assumption of Risk}}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Primary v. Secondary}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}{\bf{Primary AOR}}\{\{nl\}\}Plaintiff fails to show PFC, inherent risk of sports, spectating, etc\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}{\bf{Secondary AOR}}\{\{nl\}\}Must know and appreciate the risk voluntarily\{\{nl\}\}-\textgreater{}subjective standard\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Majority rule w/ SAOR, use contributory negligence} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 19)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{If plaintiff is CN , then do NEG Analysis on P\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Avoidable consequences:}} \{\{nl\}\}plaintiff may have not reduced risk afterwards or failed to perform duty to mitigate damages, then D is not liable. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Casual Apportionment}}\{\{nl\}\}Plaintiff is responsible for his own injuries aside from injuries sustained by defendant\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Where does Bexiga Principals go?}}\{\{nl\}\}1. Defendant knows of possible carelessness\{\{nl\}\}2.Plaintiff's conduct only risk to themself}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}