\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{Varda} \pdfinfo{ /Title (philosophy125.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (Varda) /Subject (Philosophy125 Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{A3A3A3} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F3F3F3} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Philosophy125 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Varda} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/165279/cs/34603/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Varda \\ \uline{cheatography.com/varda} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\ Updated 13th October, 2022.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{2} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.584 cm} x{2.304 cm} x{1.872 cm} x{1.44 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Cave}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} BELIEF OF AN \seqsplit{EXTERNAL} WORLD & {\bf{Mind-independent}} & {\bf{Mind-dependent}} & \seqsplit{ILLUSION} OF SELF \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{Intelligible} World & Forms| & \seqsplit{|Knowledge} & \seqsplit{Knowledge} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{Abstract} & Concepts| & |Reason & \seqsplit{Higher-being} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} -{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-- & -{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}--| & |-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}- & -{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-- \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Visible World & Physical Objects| & \seqsplit{|Perception} & \seqsplit{Belief/Opinion} \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} & Images/ dreams| & \seqsplit{|Sensation} & \seqsplit{Animalistic} \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & & \seqsplit{|Imagination} & \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 2) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} & \seqsplit{==================} & & \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 2) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Vertical Line}} & Belief of an external world is separate from the illusion of self & & \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 6) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Horizontal Line}} & "Great Line of Being" & Seperates knowledge from opinion & \seqsplit{Perceived} | \seqsplit{Nonperceived} \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 4) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{==========} & ========== & ======= & ====== \tn % Row Count 30 (+ 2) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.584 cm} x{2.304 cm} x{1.872 cm} x{1.44 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Cave (cont)}} \tn % Row 11 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{Descartes}, Spinoza & Rationalism & \seqsplit{Empiricism} & Locke, Hume \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Reality}}| & |{\bf{Mental States}} & \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & Abstract| & |Concepts & \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 14 \SetRowColor{white} & & \seqsplit{|Perception} & \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) % Row 15 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & -{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-| & |-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-- & \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 1) % Row 16 \SetRowColor{white} & Physical| & \seqsplit{|Sensation} & \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plato}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Plato's Apology - If the future resembles the past}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) Socrates - On trial for Impiety and Corrupting the minds of the youth \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) 1. Guilty of needless curiosity \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) 2. Corrupting the youth, not acknowledging the gods - stories \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2) UNSTABLE democracy \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1) {\emph{Initial Defence}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) Delphi's "Place" - to talk to the oracle - High Standing \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2) Oracle - told by the muses/Hermes, Socrates is the wisest \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2) Know thy self \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1) Nothing in excess \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1) Surety brings ruin \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1) {\emph{Skepticism of his wisdom}} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1) {\emph{Idea of Hubris}} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1) Not "knowing thy self." - arrogance \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1) Hubris - a type of Pride \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1) Socrates -doubts the story given by the gods \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1) {\emph{moving from story to theory}} \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1) (1) Presocratics : The Original 'Natural' Scientists: \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2) Attributed LESS 'agency' to natural events. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1) Looked for the fundamental \seqsplit{constituents/processes/realities}. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2) (2) Sophists: The Original Relativist Social Scientists \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2) Protagoras: "Man is the measure of all things" \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2) } \tn \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plato (cont)}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Gorgias: "Persuasion is the most valuable art." \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) Thrasymachus: "Morality is the advantage of the stronger." \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) - not well thought of \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) - Seen as more dangerous \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) - sells "knowledge" \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) {\emph{Socrates tries to distance himself from the Sophists}} - cares for his soul, doesn't want to teach others \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3) {\bf{Elenchus}}: Socratic method of eliciting truth by dialectic \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2) {\bf{Aporia}}: Intellectual impasse - Contradiction in a theory/text argument \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2) {\emph{Socratic Irony/ Socratic Paradox}} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1) {\emph{What is Knowledge}} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1) Socrates - knowledge is knowing the Good for the soul. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2) The reality of morality Vs Appearance of morality \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2) Authority -reason, not power \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1) Real justice will not appeal to emotions. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1) What are the moral and political implications of the Apology? \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2) Socrates puts: \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1) reason above convention \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1) dialectic above rhetoric \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1) principle above sentiment \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1) rational consistency above unreflective social habit \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2) } \tn \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plato (cont)}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{ ordinary speech above emotional rhetorical flourish \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) He puts the reality of morality (genuine care of the soul) above the appearance of morality (care of reputation). \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3) Real authority is not power; it's reason. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) Real justice cannot be overridden by sentiment. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) {\bf{Crito}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1) Socrates vs the Law \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) Crito's commitment to "Appearance" and "convention." \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2) Elevating reason to a high standard- Apology \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1) Elevating Justice to a high standard - Crito \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1) Crito - the personification of convention - Mercy signing, to be a good person or to defend my friend. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3) "The Laws" conversion with Socrates. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1) Disobedience cannot be justified due to personal inconvenience \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2) "To know the good is to do the good" \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1) Escaping justice would harm his soul \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1) Source of sin - ignorance \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1) {\bf{The Euthyphro Problem}} \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1) What grounds morality/Justice \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1) Is Good good? Or Good because the gods will it? \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1) Intellecualism/ Realism Vs Voluntarism/ Moral Antirealism \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2) Good because its good Vs The Good is willed by God \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2) {\emph{What is Piety}} \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1) } \tn \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plato (cont)}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2 Problems \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) 1. Follow by example, \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) 2. What the gods love - Piety cant be something the gods love and don't love at the same time \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) {\emph{Intellecualism/ Realism}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) Morality is rationally accessible and is understood independently from Divine Will. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2) In being all-powerful, He is subjective to His goodness? \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2) {\emph{Moral Antirealism}} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1) The Good is willed by God \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1) - what is good for the soul unless it is subjective to God's will \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2) -universal approval - ability to stand outside of the commandments \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2) sin has no context unless God forbids it \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1) {\bf{Republic}} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1) A "good State" and "good" people are interdependent. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2) {\emph{The soul}} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1) Rational - Appetite - Spirit / Reasoning/logic - Cravings/anamalistic - emotions/anger \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2) Integrated + Hermonius = Functional Human \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1) If the community has functional humans = State well functioning \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2) Rational - Appetite - Spirit / Rational - Farming/blacksmith/etc - Military \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2) {\bf{The Cave}} \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1) \textgreater{}Might makes right \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1) \textgreater{}Pulled out - can't see until the shadows \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1) } \tn \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plato (cont)}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\textgreater{} Enlightening - reasoning happens \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) \textgreater{} Shares - self indulges \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) Knowledge depends on Moral effort resulting in insight. - Orienting your soul towards the Good \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) {\bf{JTB theory - Justified True Belief, To have (Propositional, perceptual) knowledge one must have justified true belief}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3) Requirements \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1) 1. True Opinion/Belief \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) 2. An account \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1) 3. Justified \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1) 4? - cannot be a consequence of good fortune \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1) State of Knowing Vs State of Believing% Row Count 13 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rationalism and Empiricism}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Rationalism}} - Descartes, Spinoza \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) To acknowledge to be sensitive or responsive to reasons {\emph{introspection}} on the intellect and the {\emph{necessary}} relationships between concepts and reality. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 4) {\bf{Empiricism}} - Locke, Hume \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) The most important knowledge results from the accumulation of {\emph{reflection on sense experience}} and observations of reality \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3) - Memories \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1) The Christian Rationalist - Rene Descartes \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1) Fr. of Modernism - Elevate the human mind to a place it hasn't been before due to knowing ourselves. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3) {\bf{Methodological doubt}} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1) Contrast with Plato \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1) - Platonist: To have understanding need to turn your soul(mind) to above \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2) - Descartes: To know is to doubt \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1) 1. Dream Hypothesis \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1) 2. Evil Demon Hypothesis \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1) God's existence is knowable \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1) - Wax example - Physical world can change and still exist \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2) Sponoza - {\bf{Pantheism}} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1) - God is equally in the middle of the earth, surrounds everything and is in everything \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2) - God doesn't have mental states \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1) - Nature = God \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1) {\bf{Empiricism}} \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1) } \tn \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rationalism and Empiricism (cont)}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{John Locke \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) - All made equal \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) - Stays anchored to the five senses \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) - no innate ideas \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) David Hume - Skeptical Empiricist \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) Impressions are sensations, passions and emotions \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2) Complex impressions | Simple Impressions \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1) Complex ideas | Simple Ideas \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) We are in time; memory cant transport us back in time \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2) Memories and impressions can change through time \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1) Relations of ideas and {\emph{matters of fact}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1) Matter of fact - Sunrise is tomorrow, but it can't be {\emph{known}} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2) Mathematics - numbers have a form in reality \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1) {\emph{We Create in Relation to our senses}} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1) {\bf{A Priori Relation - Cause and Effect}} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1) How would Adam know that water is not breathable - Unless there are prior experiences and memories \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2) Hume - Causation is a correlation \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1) {\bf{every understanding is linked to a relation of ideas (Experience)}} \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2) {\bf{A Prior}} - Independent to experiences \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1) {\bf{Problem of Induction}} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1) We {\emph{think}} the future will resemble the past, But we {\emph{cant know}} the future will resemble the past. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 3) {\emph{induction conclusions}} - all swans are white/ the next swan will be white \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2) } \tn \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rationalism and Empiricism (cont)}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Need experiences of the past to 'know' the future \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) The distinction between {\emph{thinking (Predictions)}} and {\emph{knowing (Experiences)}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) {\bf{Rationalist/Empiricist Synthesis}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) Immanuel Kant \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) - Though all our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it all arises out of experience \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3) Human knowing is confined to phenomena (appearances). \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2) We can never know noumena (reality as it is in itself). \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2) Philosophy, Science, and Metaphysics must confine itself to the conditions of possible experience. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2) The Categories of the Understanding (see page 187) make sense experience intelligible. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2) Rationalists are right inasmuch as our minds bring concepts (i.e., cognitive norms/limits)to bear upon experience. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 3) Empiricists are right inasmuch as HUMAN thoughts cannot originate without sensation.% Row Count 22 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}