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\author{VanessaG}
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  /Title (unit-4-ap-biology-partial.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (VanessaG)
  /Subject (Unit 4 AP Biology (partial) Cheat Sheet)
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Unit 4 AP Biology (partial) Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{VanessaG} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/32617/cs/10066/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}VanessaG \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/vanessag} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 7th November, 2017.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reduction Division}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sexual Reproduction = Genetic Diversity = GOOD} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pierre and Joseph} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.87717 cm} x{1.12779 cm} x{1.08602 cm} x{1.08602 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reduction Division}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Sexual Reproduction}} & = Genetic Diversity = GOOD &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Pierre and Joseph}} & {\bf{{\emph{gametes}} (egg \& sperm) each contained {\bf{2}} chromosomes}}; {\bf{{\emph{somatic}} \seqsplit{(nonreproductive)} contained {\bf{4}} \seqsplit{chromosomes} (most cells)}} &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 14)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Fertilization}} (Van \seqsplit{Beneden)} & = syngamy = fusion of gametes &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Reduction Division}} & producing cells with half the number of \seqsplit{chromosomes} = meiosis &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Sexual Life Cycle}} & meiosis + \seqsplit{fertilization} = sexual \seqsplit{reproductiondiploid} cells & diploid cells=2 sets of \seqsplit{chromosomes} & haploid cells= one set of \seqsplit{chromosomes} (23 through eggs \& 23 through sperm\textasciicircum{}1\textasciicircum{}) \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.87717 cm} x{1.12779 cm} x{1.08602 cm} x{1.08602 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reduction Division (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Somatic Tissues & post \seqsplit{fertilization=} zygote divides by mitosis & plant \seqsplit{cells=haploid} cells divide by mitosis &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
Germ Line Tissues & In animals= cells set aside to undergo meiosis \& produce gametes & \seqsplit{gamete-prroducing} &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Synapsis} \textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} & aligning of \seqsplit{homologous} \seqsplit{chromosomes(homologues)} &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Homologous} \seqsplit{Recombination} \textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} & Crossing over= small segment \seqsplit{excahnages} &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}1\textasciicircum{} This does not mean 1/2 mom, 1/2 dad \newline \textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} Special features of Meiosis (PEQ)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.79363 cm} x{1.33664 cm} x{1.29487 cm} p{0.75186 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Unique Features of Meiosis (PEQ)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Synapsis} & aligning of homologous \seqsplit{chromosomes(homologues)} &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Homologous} \seqsplit{Recombination} & genetic exchange between homologous chromosomes & Crossing over= small segment excahnages & \seqsplit{=Genetic} {\bf{diversity}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Reduction} \seqsplit{Division} & Chromosomes do not replicate beteween the 2 nuclear divisions &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.66832 cm} x{1.75434 cm} x{1.33664 cm} p{0.4177 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prophase 1}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Leptotene} & Chromosomes condensed tightly &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Zygotene} &  & synaptomal complex &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{Pachytene} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{Diplotene} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{Diakinesis} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.00248 cm} x{1.37841 cm} x{1.37841 cm} p{0.4177 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Early Ideas of Heredity}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\seqsplit{Classical} \seqsplit{Assumption} 1: \seqsplit{Constancy} of Species & heredity occurss within species &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Classical} \seqsplit{Assumption} 2: Direct \seqsplit{Transmission} of Traits & traits are transmitted directly &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Koelreuter} & carried out \seqsplit{hybridization} of plant species &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Classical} \seqsplit{Assumptions} Fail & traits can be 'masked' and reappear in one generation (contradicts theory of direct \seqsplit{transmission)} & \seqsplit{traits-segregation} of alternative forms of character &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
TA Knight and Peas & did not quantify or count their results &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{Early geneticists demonstrated that some forms of an inherited character (1) can disappear in one generation only to appear unchanged in future generations; (2) segregate among the offspring of a cross; and (3) are more likely to be represented than their alternatives.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mendel and the Pea}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Why Peas?}} & large variety of pea & large \# of true breeding varieties & sexual organs enclosed within flower \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
LUCKY & Pea plants only have 2 genes for each trait &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mendel & Father of Genetics &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{F1 generation (1st filial)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
F2 \seqsplit{generation} (2nd filial) & hidden in F1 may have \seqsplit{reappeared} in F2 &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Punnet Squares & predicts offspring \seqsplit{possibilities} & capital letters- dominant & lowercase letters- recessive \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mendel- Model of heredity & No blending effect &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{Law of Segregation(Mendel's 1st Law of Heredity)} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mendel's second law of heredity: \seqsplit{Independent} \seqsplit{assortment} & \seqsplit{dihybrids=} \seqsplit{individuals} \seqsplit{eheterozygous} for both genes & genes located on different \seqsplit{chromosomes} assort \seqsplit{independently} \seqsplit{independently} during meiosis & gened ilocated on different \seqsplit{chromosmes} assort \seqsplit{independently} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mendel and the Pea (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{continuous} variation & greater \# of genes that influence character & the more \seqsplit{continuous} the expected \seqsplit{distribution} of versions of trait character &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{pleiotropic} effects & \seqsplit{individual} allele will have more than one  effect on the phenotype & on gene effects many traits  in marked contrast to \seqsplit{polygemy(many} genes effect one trait) &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 9)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lack of complete dominance \seqsplit{(codomincnce)} & ability to see \seqsplit{heterozygous} zygote & EX: red dominant over white but when together as \seqsplit{heterozygous} the recessive trait is not allowing it to be fully red \seqsplit{(red+white=pink)} &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 14)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.66832 cm} x{1.16956 cm} x{1.16956 cm} x{1.16956 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood Groups and Rh Factors (PEQ)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ABO blood \seqsplit{groups} & \seqsplit{Landsteiner} blood groups &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Type A & add only \seqsplit{galactosamine} & Either I\textasciicircum{}A\textasciicircum{}I\textasciicircum{}A\textasciicircum{} \seqsplit{homozygotes} or I\textasciicircum{}A\textasciicircum{}i \seqsplit{heterozygotes} &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Type B & add only galactose & Either I\textasciicircum{}B\textasciicircum{}I\textasciicircum{}B\textasciicircum{} homozygous or  I\textasciicircum{}B\textasciicircum{}I\textasciicircum{}b\textasciicircum{} \seqsplit{heterozygous} &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Type AB & add both sugars \seqsplit{(galactosamine} and galactose) & I\textasciicircum{}A\textasciicircum{}I\textasciicircum{}B\textasciicircum{} \seqsplit{heterozygous} & Universal {\bf{recipient}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Type O & add neither sugar & are ii homozygous & Universal {\bf{donor}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{incorrect} \seqsplit{transfusion} & \seqsplit{agglutinate=cause} cells to clump &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Rh Blood group \seqsplit{antigens} & named after rhesus monkies & \seqsplit{Rh-positive} = Rh cell surface marker & \seqsplit{Rh-negative} = lack the Rh cell surface marker \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Rh \seqsplit{negative} & detect Rh surface antigens as & Rh negative mother births Rh positive child= build antibodies which secon time around could kill baby \seqsplit{(erythroblastosis} fetalis) &  \tn 
% Row Count 41 (+ 12)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.46464 cm} x{1.55618 cm} x{1.55618 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Inheritance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
pedigree & maps the flow of traits;s doinance and \seqsplit{recessiveness} &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
sexlinked traits (sex linkage) & trait determined by a gene on the x-chromosome & whatever is on the x  shows since there is no combative gene or competition on y \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
some traits tend to stay within races & EX: sickle cell anemia= African americans &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
chromosomal theory of inheritance & similar chomosomes paired with one another during meiosis &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
problem with chromosomal theory & why does number of characters that assort  often greaetly exceed the number of chromosomes pairs the organism posesses &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.04425 cm} x{1.6708 cm} x{1.04425 cm} p{0.4177 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic Recombination}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
crossing over & exchange of chromosome arms & form of \seqsplit{recobination} &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Genetic Map & results of crosses  that can be put together to measure distance between  genes in terms of frequesncy recombination &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
A map unit & centimorgan &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
3 point cross & cross involving 3 linked genes &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Human genome Project & sequence the entire human genome &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.62655 cm} x{1.21133 cm} x{1.16956 cm} x{1.16956 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Epistasis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Epistasis} & one gene can interfere with the expression of another gene &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Eample} Lab \seqsplit{REtrievers} & Gene: EE or Ee = dark \seqsplit{pigmmentation} ee=no \seqsplit{pigmentation} & second gene: E\_B\_ = black fur E\_bb= brown fur & eebb = brown bigment on brown nose of yellow lab eeB\_ = black pigment on the nose of yellow labs \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}