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\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
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% Document Info
\author{vamsvams (vamsvams15)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (bio-1010u-module-1.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (vamsvams (vamsvams15))
  /Subject (Bio 1010U - Module 1 Cheat Sheet)
}

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% Commands
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% Header and Footer
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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Bio 1010U - Module 1 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{vamsvams (vamsvams15)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/164009/cs/34373/}}}
\end{tabulary}
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\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}vamsvams (vamsvams15) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/vamsvams15} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 27th September, 2022.\\
   Updated 23rd October, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transcription - Key terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Promoter & regulatory region of DNA, where RNA polymerase other proteins involved in transcripton initiation bind \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Enhancer sequences & regulatory DNA sequences that bind transcriptions factors and enhance transcription of the gene they are associated with \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
General transcription factors & set of proteins, that bind to the promotor of a gene and are involved in initiating transcription \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Transcriptional activator proteins & proteins that bind to enhancer sequences to begin transcription \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Enhancer sequences & sequences in the DNA that are bound by transcription activator proteins that activate transcription \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Molecular interactions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nonpolar covalent bond: Electron pairs are shared equally} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Polar covalent bond: Electron pairs shared unequally (electronegativity)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hydrogen bond: Weak electrical attraction between a covalently bonded H atom and an electronegative atom} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ionic bond: Electric attraction between opposite charges due to differences in electronegativity} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electronegativity}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Electronegativity is the tendency between atoms and their ability to attract electrons} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Hydrophobic interactions occur with nonpolar molecules in the presences of polar molecules} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cohesion}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cohesion is the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ex: a molecule of water sharing a hydrogen bond with other water molecules} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.05271 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{2.01388 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Amino Acid categories}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Hydrophilic Amino Acids}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{Basic}} & {\emph{Acidic}} & {\emph{Polar}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lysine & Aspartic Acid & Asparagine \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Arginine & Glutamic Acid & Glutamine \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Histidine} &  & Serine + Threonine \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Hydrophobic Amino Acids}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine Methionine Phenylalanine Tryptophan} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} \textasciicircum{}lots of carbon-hydrogens + not many functional groups\textasciicircum{}} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{Special Amino Acids}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} Glycine Proline (group is part of a ring) Cysteine} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Protein structures}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Primary Structure & Sequence of amino acids in a protein \tn 
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% Row 1
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Secondary Structure & Hydrogen bonds causes folding of the polypeptide chain \tn 
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% Row 2
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Tertiary Structure & R groups determines the function and formation \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Quartenary Structure & Made up of 2 or more subunits that determine the activity of the protein \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RNA Splicing - Introns and Exons}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Removal of introns (non-coding) and leaving exons (protein-coding intact) - done by Spliceosome} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Spliceosome – binds to both the 5' and 3' ends (splice sites)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Introns loop on itself then gets broken down into nucleotides} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Exons join each other and have no interruptions from introns} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Primary transcripts have introns and exons and depending on what's cut off and what exons are joined, protein is made}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Phosphodiester} Bond & Chemical bond (by condensation) between phosphate and hydroxyl groups from sugar groups \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} Example & The backbone of DNA or RNA molecules \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Pyrophosphate} & Group of phosphates released by hydrolysis which creates energy to join bases to the RNA transcript \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\} Example & Adding a uracil to the 3' end of a transcript \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transcription (brief overview)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Central Dogma : DNA codes for RNA and RNA codes for protein, the flow of information from DNA to Protein} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Transcription: mRNA carries instructions for making polypepetides from DNA, DNA serves a template for polypoptide synthesis (transcribed from DNA to mRNA)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{New RNA strand grows in 5' to 3' direction - DNA strand is oriented in the 3'-5'} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3 stages: Initiation, Elongation, Termination} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Initiation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{RNA polymerase and associated proteins bind to the DNA duplex at promoter sequences} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- When RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region – doesn't start right away (starts downstream (abt 25 nucleotides from the box)) before starting} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{How the promotor is recognized: Promoter region needs to be identified (TATA box- green box) and bound by GTF;} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{TAP (activators) bind enhancers to recruit mediator proteins which then recruits RNA polymerase to the promoter region (can cause DNA loop - mediator complex)} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Elongation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Polymerization Reaction - 3' -OH group attacks the 2 phosphate which get released and turn into pyrophosphates (irreversible)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Termination}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Once RNA polymerase bumps into the termination sequences, it falls off and the transcript is released} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{RNA transcript is called the primary transcript (not processed yet) – has to go thru a series of processing steps before it can be called mRNA} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{RNA tha combines with riobsome to direct protein synthesis : mRNA} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}