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% Document Info
\author{vamsvams (vamsvams15)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (bio-1010u-module-1-pt-2-trans-organi-enzyme.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (vamsvams (vamsvams15))
  /Subject (Bio 1010U - Module 1 pt.2 : Trans, Organi,+ Enzyme Cheat Sheet)
}

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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Bio 1010U - Module 1 pt.2 : Trans, Organi,+ Enzyme Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{vamsvams (vamsvams15)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/164009/cs/34415/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}vamsvams (vamsvams15) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/vamsvams15} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 4th October, 2022.\\
   Updated 4th October, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How Proteins are made}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nucleotide order is copied to RNA molecules and decoded to specify the order (sequence) of amino acids in a polypeptide chain that will fold to make a functional protein molecule} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} DNA - RNA - Protein} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transfer RNA}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Charged tRNA: tRNA carrying an amino acid} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Small molecules carrying 70-90 nucleotides} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Has a self pairing structure (clover leaf structure) - 3' end of CCA is the amino acid binding site} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3 key roles: carries amino acids, associates with mRNA \& interacts with ribosomes (APE)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic Code}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{When mRNA is scanned by a ribosome, it is always read 3 nucleotides (3 bases)/a codon at a time to avoid redundancy (multiple condons can be for the same amino acids)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Start codon: AUG (code for methionine) - acts as initiation signal for translation} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Stop codon: UAA, UAG, UGA - directs ribosomes to end translation} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Redundancy + Wobble}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Wobble rule}}: so long as the first 2 nucleotides pair up, the 3rd one can wobble (doesn't need to be a perfect fit)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} Ex: CUC (leu) – GAG vs CUU (leu) – GAG} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pairing of tRNA anticodon and mRNA codon starts by going towards the 5' end} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.09494 cm} x{3.88206 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Membrane proteins}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Transporter} & Moves ions and other molecules across the membrane \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Receptor} & Recieves signals from the environment \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Enzyme & Catalyzes elemental reactions \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Anchor & Attachment and maintain cell shape and structure \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Enzymes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{+(delta)G: endergonic (need to put in energy for reaction, non-spontaneous reaction)} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-(delta)G: exergonic (reaction releases energy, spontaneous reaction)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Metabolism: building/breaking down of carbon sources to harness or release energy – 2 types of reaction} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Catabolism: breaking down larger macromolecules (proteins, lipids) into their smaller sub-units (amino acids, fatty acids)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Anabolism: building up reactions, uses atp from catabolism to use and build up larger molecules from smaller sub-units (proteins to nucleic acids\_} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Enzymes decrease the amount of free energy required to turn reactants to products} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- substrate + active sites: weak noncovalent interactions, transient covalent bonds (always)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Translation - Molecules needed}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Messenger RNA (mRNA)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Initiation factors} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}Elongation factors} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases & Binds specific amino acid to 3' end of uncharged tRNA \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{Transfer RNA (tRNA)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Ribosome (ribosomal RNA + ribosomal proteins) & - Arranges order of charged tRNA molecules to match mRNA order \{\{nl\}\} - Organizes mRNA transcript from transcription \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Membrane}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Membranes are made up of lipids (hydrophobic with hydrocarbon tails) - majorily made from phospholipids} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and double hydrophobic tails that form a lipid bilayer} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Membrane fluidity is determined by the types of lipid that make up the membrane. \{\{nl\}\} - Saturated fatty acids have linear tails = tighter/less space means less fluidity \{\{nl\}\}- Unsaturated fatty acids have a kink = more space/less packed meaning more fluidity} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cholesterol}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cholesterol can increase or decrease membrane fluidity depending on the temperature.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{At normal cell temperature, the interaction of the rigid structure of cholesterol with the phospholipid fatty acid tails reduces the mobility of the phospholipids and the fluidity of the membrane.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transport avross the membrane}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Diffusion - movement of solute molecules across membranes} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Osmosis - movement of solvent molecules across membranes; involves water} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} - Hypertonic solution: More solutes outside than inside – water moves from inside to outside the cell (Cell shrinks) -Isotonic solution: Concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell = no net movement of water -Hypotonic solution:  More solutes inside the cell than outside, water moves inside the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Facilitated Diffusion - involves net movement of solutes (ions, small molecules) down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Primary Active Transport – uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to pump ions into or out of cells against the concentration gradient} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Secondary Active Transport – can drive the transport of molecules through a different transporter via the creation of an electrochemical gradient. In this example, the active transporter} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Initiation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{How it starts}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Starts by initiation factors binding to 5' cap of mRNA} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Recruits smaller subunit of ribosome} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Other initiation factors bring tRNA charged with Methionine (always the starting amino acid)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Initiation complex moves along mRNA until start codon AUG is found (P site)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Large ribosomal subunit joins and binds to the complex} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Initiation factors are released and next charged tRNA is ready to join} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The process}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{New charged tRNA joins on (from A site) next to the amino acid (coupled reaction) -\textgreater{} connects Met to the new amino acid (first peptide bond)} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ribosome shifts onto next codon and (now uncharged) tRNA leaves the complex (from E site) to continue the process} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Process stops when stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) is found, tRNA keeps leaving from E site until the amino acids have deattached} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Elongation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Initiation process continues until required length is obtained for the polypeptide chain} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{ac\}\} -requires elongation factors (carries GTP – hydrolyses gtp and releases energy)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Termination}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A protein release factor binds to the A site of the ribosome, causing the bond connected to the polypeptide of the tRNA to break} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Carboxyl terminus is created at the end of the polypeptide chain following the bond breakage} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endomembrane system}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Plasma membrane & Regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Nuclear envelope & Organizes/maintains nuclear content - Molecules move in/out of nuclear envelop using nuclear pores \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Endoplasmic reticulum & Protein (rough) and lipid (smooth) synthesis and transport \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Golgi apparatus & "Shipping and receiving center" Modify/sort proteins and lipids \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lysosomes & Digestive enzymes can help metabolize/breakdown proteins, nucleic acids, carbs \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}