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% Document Info
\author{usama8800 (usama8800)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (chemistry.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (usama8800 (usama8800))
  /Subject (Chemistry Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Chemistry Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{usama8800 (usama8800)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/19586/cs/2587/}}}
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\noindent
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\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}usama8800 (usama8800) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/usama8800} \\
        \uline{\seqsplit{usama8800}.co.nf/}
  \end{tabulary}
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\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 11th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.15119 cm} p{0.4577 cm} x{1.96811 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CaO Cycle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
CaCO`3` & ⇒ & CaO + CO`2` \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
CaO + H`2`O & ⇒ & Ca(OH)`2` \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ca(OH)`2` + CO`2` & ⇒ & CaCO`3` + H`2`O \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eutrophication}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/usama8800_1411560714_Eutrophication.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Eutrophication arises from the oversupply of nutrients, which induces explosive growth of plants and algae which, when such organisms die, consume the oxygen in the body of water, thereby creating the state of hypoxia.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{4.08114 cm} p{0.89586 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reactivity Series}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pottasium & K \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Sodium & Na \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Calcium & Ca \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Magnesium & Mg \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Aluminium & Al \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Zinc & Zn \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Iron & Fe \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Lead & Pb \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hydrogen & H \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Copper & Cu \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Mercury & Hg \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Silver & Ag \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Gold & Au \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Reactivity increases upwards} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{More reactive a metal is, it will be less stable in its elemental form} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Compounds of a more reactive metal will be more stable than the compounds of a less reactive metal} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Extraction of Metals}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The method of extraction of metals depends on the reactivity of the metal or the stability of the metal compound ( usually metal oxides or chlorides ). \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
There are three methods for the extraction of metals: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
{\emph{1.}} Electrolytic Reduction of molten metal compounds. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
{\emph{2.}} Chemical reduction by heating metal oxide with carbon \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
{\emph{3.}} Thermal Decomposition \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
K - Al by Method 1 \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
Zn - Cu by Method 2 \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
Hg - Ag by Method 3% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4177 cm} x{1.37841 cm} x{1.33664 cm} x{1.04425 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Air Pollutants}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Pollutant}} & {\bf{Source}} & {\bf{Effect}} & {\bf{How to reduce?}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
CO & Incomplete combustion in car engines or furnaces & It forms \seqsplit{carboxylic-hemoglobin} and can cause death & Keep the car engine well tuned. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{SO`2`/SO`3`} & Burning of coal \& fossil fuels and volcanic eruptions & Can cause acid rain & Fuel should be \seqsplit{desulfurized}. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{N`x`O`y`} & Lightning and Car Engines & Causes acid rain and is irritant and causes rashes and breathing problems; asthma. & Using catalytic \seqsplit{converter.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fractional Distillation of Air}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{CO`2` and H`2`O and any dust particles are removed.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Air is cooled to -200\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{}C. Air is liquified at this temperature} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{On increasing the temperature, N`2` boils off at -196\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{}C, Ar at -185\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{}C and O`2` at -183\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{}C} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.05271 cm} x{2.88351 cm} p{0.64078 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Experimental Verification of Oxygen in Air}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Diagram}}\{\{popup="http://www.gcsescience.com/Amount-Oxygen-in-Air.gif"\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Cu is heated} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Plungers in A and B are moved back and forth so that air passes over Cu again and again until there is no decrease in volume} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
2Cu`(s)` + O`2` & ⇒ heat & \seqsplit{2CuO`(s)`} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Composition of Air}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nitrogen & 78\% ≈ 80\% \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Oxygen & 21\% ≈ 20\% \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Other Gases & 1\% \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} p{0.4577 cm} x{2.56312 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Haber Process}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
N`2` Source &  & Fractional Distillation of air \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
H`2` Source &  & Oil or Natural Gas \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Temperature &  & 500\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{}C \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Pressure &  & 200 - 250 atm \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Catalyst &  & Powdered Iron(Fe) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
N`2(g)` + 3H`(g)` & ⇔ & 2NH`3(g)` \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Manufacture of Ammonia}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.38004 cm} p{0.4577 cm} x{1.73926 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Properties of Ammonia}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Physical}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Colourless Gas} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Has pungent smell} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Lighter than air; Mr = 17} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Highly soluble in water} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Weakly basic; Turns damped red litmus paper blue} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Irritant and can cause rashes} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Chemical}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Dissolves in water to produce ammonium hydroxide} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
NH`3(g)` + H`2`O`(l)` & ⇔ & NH`4`OH`(aq)` \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Reacts with acids to produce salts} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
NH`3` + HCl & ⇒ & NH`4`Cl \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2NH`3` + H`2`SO`4` & ⇒ & \seqsplit{(NH`4`)`2`SO`4`} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
NH`3` + HNO`3` & ⇒ & NH`4`NO`3` \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Uses of Ammonia}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A large amount of ammonia is used to make fertilizers} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{An important lab reagent; Used to identify metal cations} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Used to manufacture of Explosives} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Used as a Refrigerant} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Used in Pharmaceutical Industry} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Used to manufacture cosmetics} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14425 cm} x{2.05965 cm} x{1.3731 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Extraction of Iron}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Ore}} & Haematite ( Fe`2`O`3` ) &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Method}} & 2 ( refer to Extraction of Metals ) &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Reducing Agent}} & Carbon (~C ) & Carbon Monoxide (~CO ) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Chemical Reactions}} & in Blast Furnace \{\{popup="http://www.carmeusena.com/sites/default/files/blast-furnace.jpg"\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
C + O`2 & ⇒ & CO`2` \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
CO`2` + C & ⇒ & 2CO \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3C + \seqsplit{2Fe`2`O`3`} & ⇒ & 4Fe + 3CO`2` \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
3CO + Fe`2`O`3` & ⇒ & 2Fe + 3CO`2` \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Haematite contains sand ( SiO`2` ) as impurity which is converted to slag ( floats on surface~) by the following reaction} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
CaCO`3` & ⇒ & CaO + CO`2` \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
CaO + SiO`2` & ⇒ & CaSiO`3` ( slag ) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Steel}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Low carbon steel &  & upto 0.3\% C \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Medium carbon steel &  & 0.4 - 0.6 \% C \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14425 cm} x{2.05965 cm} x{1.3731 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Extraction of Iron (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
High carbon steel &  & 0.7 - 1 \% C \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rusting of Iron}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Iron reacts with O`2` in presence of H`2`O (~moisture ) to form Fe`2`O`3`·XH`2`O ( rust )} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Reaction is slow but is promoted in presence of any electrolyte in water especially under acidic conditions} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Prevention}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Coating & Coating Iron with plastic, paint, oil or grease \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Electroplating \{\{noshy\}\} & Electroplating Iron with chromium, nickel, silver \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Galvonizing & Dipping in molten zinc to coat with zinc metal \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cathodic Protection & Connecting Iron body to negative terminal of a battery \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Sacrificial Protection & Attaching Iron to a more reactive metal eg Mg or Zn \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.38004 cm} p{0.54924 cm} x{1.64772 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Properties of Sulfur}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{It is a yellow solid} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{It has a low melting point of 113\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{}C} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Found as a mineral} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Burns with blue flames to produce SO`2`} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{SO`2` is highly soluble in water} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{SO`2` can be further oxidized to SO`3` which causes acid rain} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
SO`3` + H`2`O & ⇒ & H`2`SO`4` \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.92234 cm} p{0.68655 cm} x{1.96811 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Contact Process}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Burning of Sulfur to produce SO`2`}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
S + O`2` & ⇒ & SO`2` \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Catalytic oxidation of SO`2` to SO`3`}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
2SO`2` + O`2` & ⇔ & 2SO`3` \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
600\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{}C & 1-2 atm & V`2`O`5` as catalyst \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Making Oleum}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{SO`3` is dissolved in H`2`SO`4` to form Oleum (H`2`S`2`O`7`)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
SO`3` + H`2`SO`4` & ⇒ & H`2`S`2`O`7` \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{React with water}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
H`2`S`2`O`7` + H`2`O & ⇒ & 2H`2`SO`4` \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Manufacture of H`2`O`4` (Sulfuric Acid)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.96117 cm} x{2.7462 cm} x{0.86963 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Extraction of Aluminium}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Method}} & 1 ( refer to Extraction of Metals ) &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Ore}} & Bauxite (Al`2`O`3`)\{\{link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite"\}\} & MP = 2000\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{}C \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 0)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{To prevent to heating to such a large temperature, Bauxite is dissolved in molten Cryolite ( Na`2`AlF`6` ) which melts at 900\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{}C} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Graphite electrodes are used.\{\{popup="http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/uploadedImages/Coord11.4\_extraction\%20of\%20aluminium\_v2.gif"\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 0)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{At Cathode}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Al\textasciicircum{}3+\textasciicircum{} + 3e\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{} & ⇒ & \seqsplit{Al`(l)`} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & MP = 660\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{}C \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{At Anode}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
O\textasciicircum{}2-\textasciicircum{}`(l)` & ⇒ & O + 2e\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
O + O & ⇒ & O`2` \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 0)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Oxygen produced at anode reacts with C (~from the anode ) due to high temperature and produces CO or CO`2`} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Anode burns away and needs to be replaced periodically} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Properties and Uses of Aluminium}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Light metal with high tensile strength} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Very good conductor ( three valance electrons )} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Can reflect light and heat radiation} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Used in aircraft bodies} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Used in circuit wires} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Used in milk tanks} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cost of Al is high due to: & cost of electricut \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & cost of graphite anodes \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & cost of fuel to keep electrolyte molten \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Rusting \{\{popup="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/sites/www.open.edu.openlearn/files/imported/o\_12442/corrosion\_alum.gif"\}\} & Al reacts with O`2` to form a non-porous Al`2`O`3` coating which seals Al inside \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}