\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{UmeshJagtap}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (viruses-demystified.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (UmeshJagtap)
  /Subject (Viruses Demystified Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{A3A3A3}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F3F3F3}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Viruses Demystified Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{UmeshJagtap} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/186232/cs/39461/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}UmeshJagtap \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/umeshjagtap} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 23rd July, 2023.\\
   Updated 23rd July, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DEFINITION}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A virus is a ultramicrosopic, acellular (non-cellular) parasite of cells. Its genome, which is composed of either DNA or RNA, is enclosed in a protein coat (capsid).% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{REASONS FOR STUDYING VIRUSES}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Ubiquitous Presence \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- Human Diseases Causation \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- Infect all Living things \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- Potential Cross-species Transmission \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- Can be Beneficial \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- Unique Tools for Biology% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4577 cm} x{1.3731 cm} x{2.7462 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DISCOVERY}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1886 & Adolph Mayer & Described light and dark green patterns on tobacco leaves infected with mosaic virus. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1892 & Dmitri Ivanovsky & Tobacco mosaic disease (ssRNA Plant Virus) transmitted through porcelain Pasteur-Chamberland filters, excluding bacteria. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1898 & Martinus Beijerinck & Replicates Dmitri Ivanovsky's filtration experiments and identified a "virus" responsible for tobacco mosaic disease. a "virus" (Latin for Poison), which he describes as a "contagium vivum fluidum" or "contagious living fluid".  Beijerinck and Ivanovsky are considered to be founders of virology. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 13)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
1935 & Wendell Stanley & Produces the first crystals of tobacco mosaic virus and shows that the virus remains active after crystallization. Crystallization of the virus was the first step toward proving that the virus is particulate. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{VIRUSES: LIVING OR NON-LIVING?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The debate on viruses' living or nonliving status depends on definition of life.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Living characteristics..}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Possess genetic material.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ability to replicate.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Undergo evolution.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Adapt to hosts.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Engage in biotic interactions.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Occupy ecological niches.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Non-living characteristics..}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Lack of metabolism} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Requires host cell to replicate.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Exists in an inactive state (Outside of the host cell)} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Inability to divide.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Absence of cell organelles} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DEFINITIVE FEATURES OF VIRUSES}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Smaller than Bacteria} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Non-Cellular Infectious Entities} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Obligate Intracellular Parasites} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Single type of  nucleic acid genomes (DNA /or RNA)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nucleic Acid Genomes Shielded by Protein coat called "Capsids"} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{ VIRUS STRUCTURE}}}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{All particles have \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-check\}\} Genome (Nucleic acids either DNA or RNA) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\{\{fa-check\}\} Protein Coat (Capsid) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-check\}\} Enzymes \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
Some particles have \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-check\}\} Envelope (Lipid bilayer) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-check\}\} Envelope proteins% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14425 cm} x{1.73926 cm} x{1.69349 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{COMPONENTS OF VIRUS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. Nucleic Acid Core & \{\{fa-check\}\} DNA or RNA (not both!) \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-check\}\} RNA viruses are either positive (+) sense or negative (-) sense. Positive sense RNA can function directly as mRNA  \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-check\}\}Single stranded vs. double stranded  \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-check\}\}Linear vs. circular  \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-check\}\}Continuous vs. segmented & \{\{fa-square-o\}\} {\bf{Functions:}}  Contains hereditary information  Codes for  \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-check\}\} synthesis of structural proteins (capsid)   \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-check\}\}non-structural proteins (enzymes necessary for the replication of the genome)  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-check\}\} Genome replicates itself within a living system to pass on genetic information to the viral progeny. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 26)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
2. \seqsplit{Capsid/Shell} & \{\{fa-check\}\} Consists of protein subunits, {\bf{capsomeres}} & \{\{fa-square-o\}\} {\bf{Functions:}}  Contains hereditary information  Codes for  \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-check\}\} synthesis of structural proteins (capsid)   \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-check\}\}non-structural proteins (enzymes necessary for the replication of the genome)  \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-check\}\} Genome replicates itself within a living system to pass on genetic information to the viral progeny. \tn 
% Row Count 52 (+ 26)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14425 cm} x{1.73926 cm} x{1.69349 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{COMPONENTS OF VIRUS (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. Envelopes / Membranes & \{\{fa-check\}\}Enveloped vs. naked viruses  . \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-check\}\}Lipid bilayer  Acquired from host cell when budding through plasma membrane \seqsplit{(paramyxoviruses)}, golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum (hepatitis B) or nuclear membrane (herpes simplex virus)\{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-check\}\} Damaged by detergents, alcohols, etc. &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 21)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
4. \seqsplit{Spikes/Envelope} Proteins & \{\{fa-check\}\}Situated in the envelope of enveloped viruses & \{\{fa-square-o\}\}{\bf{Functions:}}  \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-check\}\} attachment to host-cell receptor for viral entry   \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-check\}\} Major antigenic \seqsplit{determinant(s)} of virion.  \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-check\}\} Host immune responses directed towards these 'spikes'. \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 18)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14425 cm} x{1.73926 cm} x{1.69349 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{COMPONENTS OF VIRUS (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
5. Enzymes & \{\{fa-check\}\}Many Viruses package their own enzymes needed for replication &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.64078 cm} x{2.51735 cm} x{1.41887 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SHAPES OF VIRUS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Helical} & Capsid consists of a ribbonlike protein that forms a spiral around the nucleic acid. & {\emph{Tobacco Mosaic Virus}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Polyhedral} & Polyhedral (many-sided) capsid shapes is the icosahedron; icosahedral viruses have 20 triangular faces. & {\emph{Adenovirus}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Complex} & A combination of helical and icosahedral shapes, & {\emph{Bacteriophages}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{TYPES OF VIRUSES}}}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-square-o\}\} Based on Genetic material \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-check\}\}{\bf{RNA Virus}}: Contain RNA (Tobacco mosaic virus)  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\{\{fa-check\}\}{\bf{DNA Virus}}: Contain DNA (T-Phage)% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14471 cm} x{3.83229 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IMPACTS OF VIRUSES}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Negative}} & Viruses have caused extensive  disease and suffering for Humans Domesticated plants and animals \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Positive}} & \{\{fa-check\}\} Viruses are so important in terms of recycling. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-square-o\}\}{\bf{Phage Therapy}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-check\}\}Prevention \& treatment of Human infectious disease\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-check\}\}Prevention \& tratment of animal infectious diseases\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-check\}\}Control of bacterial plant diseases\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-check\}\}Sanitizing \& disinfection of Food\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-square-o\}\}{\bf{Oncolytic viruses}}: are ones that selectively infect and destroy cancer cells, are also increasingly being explored as a less toxic and more efficient cancer treatment. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 18)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IMPORTANT TERMS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Capsid & The protein coat that encloses the nucleic acid of a virus. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Capsomere & Small, protein subunits that make up the protein coat (capsid). \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Prion & A protein-based infectious particle that causes disease. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Virion & A complete virus, with all the components needed for host cell infection. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Envelope & A lipid bilayer and associated protein forming the outer component of an enveloped virion. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Naked Virus & A virus that does not have an envelope. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nucleocapsid & The virus genome enclosed in a protein capsid. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Bacteriophage} (phage) & A type of virus that infects bacteria. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Endemic & A disease that is constantly present or commonly present in a geographical area. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Epidemic & A rapid increase in the number of cases of a disease that spreads over a larger geographical area. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IMPORTANT TERMS (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pandemic & A disease outbreak throughout the world. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}