\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{UmeshJagtap}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (dna-as-the-genetic-material.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (UmeshJagtap)
  /Subject (DNA as the Genetic Material Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{DB14C7}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{FCF0FB}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{DNA as the Genetic Material Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{UmeshJagtap} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/186232/cs/43907/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}UmeshJagtap \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/umeshjagtap} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 27th July, 2024.\\
   Updated 27th July, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Four Key Criteria for Genetic Material:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Information:}} & Contains instructions to build an organism. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Replication:}} & Capable of accurate copying (DNA replication). \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Transmission:}} & Passed from parent to offspring and between cells during division. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Variation: }} & Accounts for differences within and between species. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Discovery of Genetic Material:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Early Hypotheses (Late 1800s):}} & August Weismann and Karl N{\"a}geli proposed a biochemical basis for inheritance. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Chromosome Insight:}} & Chromosomes, composed of proteins and DNA, identified as carriers of genetic information. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Griffith's Bacterial Transformation Experiments:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Experiment Background:}} & \{\{fa-square-o\}\}Studied {\emph{Streptococcus pneumoniae}}: \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-check\}\} Type S (smooth, virulent) strains produce a polysaccharide capsule. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-check\}\} Type R (rough, non-virulent) strains lack this capsule. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.2 cm} x{6.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Experimental Steps:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Step 1: & Injected live type R bacteria into a mouse → Mouse survived, no live bacteria found. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Step 2: & Injected live type S bacteria into a mouse → Mouse died, live type S bacteria found in blood. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Step 3: & Injected heat-killed type S bacteria into a mouse → Mouse survived, no live bacteria found. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Step 4: & Mixed heat-killed type S with live type R bacteria → Injected into a mouse → Mouse died, live type S bacteria found in blood. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conclusion:}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-square-o\}\} Genetic material from heat-killed type S bacteria transformed live type R bacteria. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\{\{fa-square-o\}\} This phenomenon was called {\bf{"transformation"}} without knowing the biochemical nature of the transforming substance. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
.% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transformation Concept:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Living type R bacteria transformed into type S, gaining the ability to produce a capsule.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{This transformation indicated transfer of genetic material.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Focus:}}Investigated bacterial transformation, following up on Griffith's observations to identify the biochemical nature of the genetic material.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Experimental Approach:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Question:}} What substance from dead type S bacteria transforms live type R bacteria?} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Purification Process:}}\{\{fa-square-o\}\} Purified macromolecules (proteins, DNA, RNA) from type S {\emph{Streptococcus pneumoniae.}}\{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-square-o\}\}Found only purified DNA could convert type R to type S bacteria initially.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.2 cm} x{6.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Detailed Experiment:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Step 1: & Mixed purified DNA from type S bacteria with type R bacteria. \{\{nl\}\} Allowed DNA uptake by type R bacteria, converting some to type S. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Step 2: & Enzyme Treatments : \{\{nl\}\} \{\{fa-square-o\}\}DNase: Digests DNA. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-square-o\}\}RNase: Digests RNA. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-square-o\}\}Protease: Digests proteins. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Step 3: & Aggregated type R cells (non-transformed) removed by centrifugation. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Step 4: & Type S cells (transformed) remain in the supernatant. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Step 5: & Supernatant plated on growth media to observe bacterial colony formation. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Step 6: & Control plates (without DNA extract) showed no type S colonies. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conclusion:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-square-o\}\}DNA from type S bacteria alone could convert type R bacteria to type S, proving DNA as the genetic material.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-square-o\}\}Elimination of transformation with DNase confirmed DNA's essential role.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hershey and Chase Experiment}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Researchers:}} Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952) \newline {\bf{Objective}}: To determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material in the T2 bacteriophage, a virus that infects E. coli. \newline \{\{fa-square-o\}\}{\bf{Virus Structure Components:}} \newline \{\{fa-check\}\}Capsid (phage coat): Made entirely of protein, consisting of a head, sheath, tail fibers, and base plate. \newline \{\{fa-check\}\}DNA: Found inside the head of the capsid. \newline Simplicity: Composed of only DNA and proteins.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Experimental Design}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Goal:}} To identify which component, DNA or protein, enters the bacterial cell and directs the synthesis of new viruses.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Key Insight:}} T2 phage injects its genetic material into the bacterial cell while the protein coat remains outside.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.48 cm} x{5.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Methodology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Labeling: & \{\{fa-square-o\}\}DNA labeled with 32P (radioactive phosphorus). \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-square-o\}\}Protein labeled with 35S (radioactive sulfur). \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Infection Process: & E. coli cells are infected with either 32P-labeled phage or 35S-labeled phage. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Shearing Force: & Use a blender to detach phage coats from bacterial cells after allowing the phages to inject their genetic material. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Centrifugation:} & Separate heavier bacterial cells (pellet) from lighter phage coats (supernatant). \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Detection: & Measure the radioactivity in the pellet and supernatant using a Geiger counter. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Results}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-square-o\}\}35S (Protein): Majority found in the supernatant. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\{\{fa-square-o\}\}32P (DNA): Majority found in the bacterial pellet.% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conclusion:}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{DNA enters the bacterial cell, not protein. This indicates that DNA is the genetic material responsible for the production of new viruses.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Significance}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Impact:}} The experiment provided convincing evidence that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{Scientific Legacy:}} This study was crucial in establishing DNA's role in heredity, greatly influencing molecular biology.% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}