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\author{tlyfoung}
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  /Title (lecture-exam-2-ch-6-bones.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (tlyfoung)
  /Subject (Lecture Exam \#2 CH. 6 Bones Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Lecture Exam \#2 CH. 6 Bones Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{tlyfoung} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/200701/cs/42390/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}tlyfoung \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/tlyfoung} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 23rd February, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ORGANIC vs. INORGANIC extracellular matrix}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Compact bone    vs.     Spongy bone}}  \tn
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Cortical bone & Cancellous bone \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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Heavy, tough, and compact in nature. & Light, spongy, and soft \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
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Composed of closely packed osteons or haversian systems. & Composed of trabeculae (thin columns) without central canals. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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{\bf{OUTER}} layer of most bones & {\bf{INNER}} layer of most bones \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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Forms the {\bf{shaft}} or diaphysis of long bones & Forms the {\bf{ends}} or epiphyses of long bones \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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Present in the outer layer of long bones & Present in the middle of long bones. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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Denser with a porosity of 5–10\% and apparent density of 1.5–1.8 g/cm\textasciicircum{}3. & Less dense with a porosity of 50–90\% and apparent density of 0.5–1.0 g/cm\textasciicircum{}3. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Can withstand higher stress (up to about 150 MPa) but lower strain (up to about 3\%) before failure & Can withstand lower stress (up to about 50 MPa) but much higher strain \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 8
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Consists of proteins like collagens and osteoids, inorganic mineral salts, blood vessels, nerves, and bone marrow within lamellae & Balances the weight of compact bones and provides flexibility for movement \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Compact bone    vs.     Spongy bone (cont)}}  \tn
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Contains cylindrical osteons with concentric lamellae and osteocytes in lacunae. & Contains red bone marrow, trabeculae forming a spongy grid, and less calcium density. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Describe the anatomy of a long bone.}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Use the following terms: epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, medullary cavity.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osteoporosis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Explain why osteoporosis risk may increase with increasing age.  Define two types of osteoporosis and list common types of fractures associated with each.  Which type of osteoporosis will occur in elderly women who are 15-20 years post-menopause?% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{alendronate sodium}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{How does alendronate sodium increase bone mineral density?  Discuss specifically its effects on bone cell activity.  What do studies show regarding incidence of fractures with patients on alendronate sodium vs. patients on a placebo?% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts and Osteocytes}}  \tn
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Osteo{\bf{B}}lasts & Oste{\bf{C}}lasts & Osteocytes \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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{\bf{B}}= "builds" & {\bf{C}}= "Cleans Up" &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
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These are bone-forming cells responsible for synthesizing and depositing new bone matrix during bone growth and repair. They are primarily involved in bone formation. & Large, \seqsplit{multinucleated} cells responsible for bone resorption, the process by which old or damaged bone tissue is broken down and removed. & Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that're embedded in the bone matrix. They maintain bones by regulating mineral content and responding to mechanical stress. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 13)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The OSTEON}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Lamellae in bones resist torsion forces by bending and twisting. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- Bones widen under compression and narrow under tension. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- Bones can handle stress because of their anisotropic (having different properties in different directions) and viscoelastic (combining solid and fluid-like characteristics) features. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
- Dynamic response to forces allows bones to resist torsion effectively.% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Zones of the growth plates in a long bone.}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Be sure to describe what occurs in: proliferation zone, hypertrophic zone, calcification zone, ossification zone.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fractures}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{What is a hip fracture?  What is a vertebral wedge fracture?% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endochondral Ossification}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- When does bony collar formation occur during this process? \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- Describe how "cavitation" occurs within the diaphysis. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- Describe the formation of the medullary cavity. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- Which type of bone (spongy or compact) forms around the medullary cavity of the diaphysis? \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- Which type of bone (spongy or compact) forms inside the epiphyses? \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- Contrast articular cartilage vs. epiphyseal plate cartilage (growth plate)% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PERIOSTEUM vs. ENDOSTEUM}}  \tn
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Glistening white, double-layered membrane & Covers {\bf{internal}} bone surfaces \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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Covers entire {\bf{external}} bone surface. & It covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines canals passing through compact bones \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
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{\bf{OUTER FIBROUS LAYER}} is dense irregular connective tissue & Also is an osteogenic layer lined with osteoblasts and precursors to osteoblasts \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
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{\bf{INNER OSTEOGENIC LAYER}} contains {\emph{osteoprogenitor cells}} (bone stem cells) & ** \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
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Contains osteoblasts \& osteoclasts & ** \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
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Full of nerves \& blood vessels & ** \tn 
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Secured to bone via {\emph{perforating fibers}} (collagen fibers) & ** \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
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Anchoring point for tendons and ligaments & ** \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{BONE REMODELING}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Define% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{BONE REMODELING}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Define.% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{BONE REMODELING}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Define.% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Low bone density}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Low bone mineral density and risk of falling are both risk factors associated with fractures.  What are some risks of falling?  How can exercise counteract these risks?% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
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