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\author{tinkledotty}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (business-finance.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (tinkledotty)
  /Subject (Business Finance Cheat Sheet)
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Business Finance Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{tinkledotty} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/84698/cs/19999/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}tinkledotty \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/tinkledotty} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 11th July, 2019.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Areas Of Finance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Finance examines how the firm can best manage its scarce resources and assets. It is usual to divide finance into four basic areas:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Corporate finance & deals with how the firm raises funds and utilises them. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Investments & Work with financial assets such as stocks and bonds \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Value of financial assets, risk versus return, and asset allocation \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Financial institutions & bring together people, companies or the government who need funds with people, firms or the government that have excess funds to invest. Companies that specialize in financial matters \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - Banks: commercial and investment, credit unions, savings and loans \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - Insurance companies \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - Brokerage firms \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
International finance & An area of specialisation within each of the areas discussed so far \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & May allow you to work in other countries or at least travel on a regular basis \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Areas Of Finance (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Need to be familiar with exchange rates and political risk \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Need to understand the customs of other countries; speaking a foreign language fluently is also helpful \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Areas Of Finance}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Business Finance}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Some important questions that are answered using finance}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- What long-term investments should the firm take on? \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- Where will we get the long-term financing to pay for the \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
investments? \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- How will we manage the everyday financial activities of the firm?% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.32 cm} x{5.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Why Study Finance?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Marketing & Budgets, marketing research, marketing financial products \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Accounting & Dual accounting and finance function, preparation of financial statements \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Management & Strategic thinking, job performance, profitability \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Personal finance & Budgeting, retirement planning, college planning, day- to-day cash flow issues \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Financial Manager}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Financial managers try to answer some, or all, of these questions}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
The top financial manager within a firm is usually the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) & * Treasurer – oversees cash management, credit management, capital expenditures, and financial planning \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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 & * Controller – oversees taxes, cost accounting, financial accounting, and data processing \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Financial Management Decisions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Capital budgeting & What long-term investments or projects should the business take on? \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Capital structure & How should we pay for our assets? \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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 & Should we use debt or equity? \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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Working capital management & How do we manage the day-to-day finances of the firm? \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.444 cm} x{3.116 cm} x{3.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Forms of Business Organization}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Sole \seqsplit{proprietorship} & Business owned by one person &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Partnership} & General & Business owned by two or more persons \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
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 & Limited & consists of general partner(s) and limited partner(s). There is no limit on the number of the partner \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & Limited Liability & LLPs give owners the flexibility of operating as a partnership whilst giving them limited liability \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & - Private Limited Company (Pte. Ltd.) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 &  & - Public Limited Company \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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 &  & - Public Company Limited by Guarantee \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Companies} & Privately held companies that can be used for a variety of purposes. These companies have fewer than fifty shareholders. &  \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.84 cm} x{4.16 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sole Proprietorship}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Advantages}} & {\bf{Disadvantages}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Easiest to start & Limited to life of owner \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Least regulated & Equity capital limited to owner's personal wealth \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Single owner keeps all of the profits & Unlimited liability \tn 
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Taxed once as personal income & Difficult to sell ownership interest \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Partnership}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Advantages}} & {\bf{Disadvantages}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Two or more owners & Unlimited liability: \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - General partnership \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - Limited partnership \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
More capital available & Partnership dissolves when one partner dies or wishes to sell \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Relatively easy to start & Difficult to transfer ownership \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Income taxed once as personal income} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Corporation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Advantages}} & {\bf{Disadvantages}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Limited liability & Separation of ownership and management (agency problem) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Limited liability & Separation of ownership and management (agency problem) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Unlimited life & Double taxation (income taxed at the corporate rate and then dividends taxed at personal rate, while dividends paid are not tax deductible) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Separation of ownership and management} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Transfer of ownership is easy} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Easier to raise capital} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} x{7.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Goal Of Financial Management}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{What should be the goal of a corporation?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - Maximize profit? \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - Minimize costs? \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - Maximize market share? \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - Maximize the current value per share of the company's existing stock \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - Maximize the market value of the existing owners' equity \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Does this mean we should do anything and everything to maximize owner wealth?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - Outsourcing? \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - Off-shoring? \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - Enron? \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - Corporate support of charities? \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.56 cm} x{5.44 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Agency Problem}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Agency \seqsplit{relationship} & Principal hires an agent to represent its interests \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Stockholders (principals) hire managers (agents) to run the company \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Agency problem & Conflict of interest between principal and agent \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Management goals and agency costs} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Do Managers Act in the Shareholders' Interests?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Managerial compensation & Incentives can be used to align management and stockholder interests \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{Incentivesneedtobecarefullystructured} toinsurethat they achieve their goal \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Corporate control & Threat of a takeover may result in better management \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Other stakeholders} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}