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% Most of the following are not required for the majority
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% Document Info
\author{ThereamDream}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (urea-and-uric-acid.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (ThereamDream)
  /Subject (Urea and Uric Acid Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Urea and Uric Acid Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ThereamDream} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/150423/cs/45322/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}ThereamDream \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/thereamdream} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 23rd December, 2024.\\
   Updated 23rd December, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.


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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Uric Acid}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of {\bf{purine bases}} with the formula C5H4N4O3. It forms ions and salts known as {\bf{urates}} and acid urates. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\{\{nl\}\}In the liver, purines are metabolized into hypoxanthine, then to xanthine, and finally converted into uric acid by the enzyme {\bf{xanthine oxidase}}. Once formed, uric acid is transported to the kidney and it is a normal component of urine.% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Urea}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Amino acids}} can be oxidized by the body as an alternative source of energy. Conversion of amino acids into metabolic waste in the liver produces {\bf{ammonia}} (NH3). If allowed to accumulate, it would raise the pH in cells to toxic levels. Therefore, many organisms convert ammonia to urea, even though this synthesis has a net energy cost. Urea, is an organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH2)2. Being practically neutral and highly soluble in water, urea is a safe vehicle for the body to transport and excrete excess nitrogen. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 11)
\{\{nl\}\}Urea also plays a role in the exchange system of the nephrons. Urea is reabsorbed in the {\bf{inner medullary collecting ducts}}, thus raising the osmolarity in the {\bf{medullary interstitium}}, which makes the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle reabsorb water. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 6)
\{\{nl\}\}The {\bf{blood urea nitrogen}} ({\bf{BUN}}) is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea. It is used as a marker of renal function, though it is inferior to other markers such as creatinine because blood urea levels are influenced by other factors such as diet, dehydration, and liver function.% Row Count 24 (+ 7)
} \tn 
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