\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{thait} \pdfinfo{ /Title (cardiac-muscle-cheat-sheet.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (thait) /Subject (Cardiac Muscle Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{A3189A} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F9F0F8} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Cardiac Muscle Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{thait} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/213578/cs/46485/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}thait \\ \uline{cheatography.com/thait} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\ Updated 27th May, 2025.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anatomy of the Heart}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} 4 Chambers Blood Circulation & Right AV valve (tricuspid) -\textgreater{} pulmonary(semilunar) valve -\textgreater{} left AV valve/bicuspid/mitral -\textgreater{} aortic/semilunar valve \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 5) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} Pulmonary circulation & Chambers on the right pump oxygen poor blood to the lungs \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Systemic Circulation & Chambers on the left pump oxygen rich blood to body tissues \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} Right atrium & receives oxygen poor blood from inferior and superior vena cava \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Right Ventricle & receives oxygen poor blood from the right atrium and pumps blood through the pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 5) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} Left atrium & receives oxygen rich blood from pulmonary circulation via the left and right pulmonary veins \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 4) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Left Ventricle & receives oxygen rich blood from left atrium and pumps blood through aortic valves into aorta \tn % Row Count 27 (+ 4) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} Chordae Tendinae & tendonous fibers attached to the inside edges of AV valves and base of ventricles via papillary muscles, prevents valves from everting \tn % Row Count 33 (+ 6) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anatomy of the Heart (cont)}} \tn % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Connective Tissue & separates atria for ventricles providing attachment of heart valves \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electrical Activity}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{Autorhythmiticity} & heart muscle is capable of generating its own rhythmic electrical acticity \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} Pacemaker activity & spontaneous, rhythmic generation of electrical impulses by specialized heart cells (like those in the sinoatrial node) that initiate and regulate the heartbeat, ensuring consistent cardiac contraction and blood circulation \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 9) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} SA Node & generates 70 AP per min, located in the wall of the right atrium near superior vena cava \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 4) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} AV Node & 50 AP per minute, located at the base of the right atrium follows the SA node \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Bundle of His & specialized pacemaker cells originating at AV node projecting into left and rightventricles \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 4) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} Purkinje FIbers & 30 AP per min, spread throughout ventricular myocardium \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 3) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Interatrial Pathway & specialized cardiac cells that conducts pacemaker activity from the right atrium to the left atrium \tn % Row Count 30 (+ 4) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electrical Activity (cont)}} \tn % Row 7 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Internodal Pathway & pathway of specialized cardiac cells that conducts pacemaker activity from SA to AV nodes \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{white} AV nodal delay & Pacemaker activity is conducted relatively slowly through the AV node resulting in a delay of approximately 100 ms \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 5) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electrocardiogram Waveforms}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} P wave & Depolarization of the atria \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} QRS complex & depolarization of the ventricles \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} T wave & repolarization of the ventricles \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} PR segment & represents AV nodal delay \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electrocardiogram Waveforms}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/thait_1748377368_Screenshot 2025-05-27 132145.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.38896 cm} x{2.58804 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Systole & Contracting and emptying \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} Diastole & relaxation and filling \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} End Dastolic Volume & volume of blood in chamber at end of diastole , equivalent to max amount og blood chamber holds during cycle \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 6) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} Isovolumetric ventricular contraction & period of time during contraction when chambers stay closed increasing chamber pressure during this periods \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 6) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} End systolic volume & amount of blood remaining in the chamber at the end of systole \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 4) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} Stroke volume & amount of volume blood pumped out of the chamber with each contraction \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 4) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Stroke volume equation & EDV - ESV \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 2) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation & period of time during relaxation when the chamber remains closed and therefore no blood can enter or leave, chamber pressure decreases then \tn % Row Count 33 (+ 7) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.38896 cm} x{2.58804 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle (cont)}} \tn % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Lub & closure of AV valves \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} Dup & Closing of the semilunar valves \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 2) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Murmurs & abnormal heart sounds from turbulent flow of blood through malfunctioning valves \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 4) % Row 11 \SetRowColor{white} Stenotic valve & stiff narrow valve that doesn't open completely , abnormal whistling sound \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 4) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Insufficient valve & structurally damaged valve that does not close, abnormal swishing sound \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 4) % Row 13 \SetRowColor{white} Rheumatic fever & an auto-immune disease triggered by streptococcal bacteria that leads to valvular stenosis and insufficiency \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 6) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Regulation of Cardiac Output}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Cardiac Output & HR - SV \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} Heart rate regulation done by & parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Stroke Volume & regulated intrinsically by volume of venous blood returning to the ventricles and extrinsically by the sympathetic nervous system \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 7) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} Parasympathetic & Vagus Nerve to the SA and AV nodes and to the contractile cells of the atria \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 4) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Parasympathetic NTs & ACh and Muscarinic receptors \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} Effects of Parasympathetic Release of ACh & Increases permeability of SA nodal cells to K+ in the SA node leading to greater hyperpolarization and slowing of the K component of the pacemaker potential, in AV node increases permeability of AV nodal to K and in atrial contractile cells, shortens duration of cardiac fiber AP reducing Ca++ permeability \tn % Row Count 33 (+ 16) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Regulation of Cardiac Output (cont)}} \tn % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Sympathetic & Norepinephrine through beta adrenergic receptors \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} Effects of Sympathetic influence on HR & SA node - less hyperpolarization, acceleration of the K component, av node slowing increase in Ca++ permeability \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 6) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Stroke Volume Regulation & Extrinsically regulated by neural control and intrinsically by the volume of venous blood returning to heart \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 6) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} Intrinsic control & direct correlation between end-diastolic volume and stroke volume \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 4) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Heart failure & inability of CO to meet emands of the body \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.44333 cm} x{3.53367 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Organization}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Arteries & composed of large vessels that carry blood from the heart \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} Arterioles & small diameter vessels that arise from the branching of arteries \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{Capillaries} & smallest diameter vessels that are formed when arterioles branch \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} Venules & the vessels that form when capillaries join together \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Veins & large diameter vessels formed by merging of venules \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \seqsplit{Microcirculation} & name given to collection of arterioles, capillaries and venules \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood Flow}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Blood flow & determined by pressure gradient in the vessels and resistance to flow caused by friction and viscosity of the blood \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 5) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} Blood flow equation & F=deltaP/R \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} F & Flow rate, volume of blood passing through a vessel per unit of time \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} Delta P & Pressure gradient - difference in pressure between the beginning and end of the vessel \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 4) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Resistance & depends on blood viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 3) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} Blood viscocity & friction developed in blood determined by the concentration of plasma proteins and number of circulating RBCs \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 5) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Vessel length & friction between blood and the inner surface of a vessel is proportional to the vessel length \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 4) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} Vessel radius & friction between blood and the inner surface of a vessel is inversely proportional to the 4th power of the vessel radius \tn % Row Count 31 (+ 5) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood Flow (cont)}} \tn % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Pressure resovoir & Serves as a driving force during ventricular diastole, elasticity of the of artery walls smooth muscle, collagen, elastin \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 5) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} Pulse Pressure & pressure difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 3) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Mean Arterial Pressure & pressure that is monitored and regulated by BP reflexes \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intrinsic (local control)}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} intrinsic control & factors intrinsic to an organ or tissue \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} Local metabolic changes & factors derived from metabolic activity causing dilation. smooth muscle tone is controlled by release of mediators such as NO \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 5) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} O2 concentration & reduced O2 during metabolic demand \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} CO2 concentration & increased CO2 during metabolic demand \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} pH & increases in CO2 and or lactic acid lowers blood pH \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 3) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} Extracellular K+ conc. & increased neuronal activity that outpaces the Na+/K+ ATPase \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 3) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Osmolarity & increased solute concentration resulting from metabolic activity \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 3) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} Adenosine & released in Cardiac muscle in response to metabolic demand \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 3) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \seqsplit{Prostaglandins} & produced from teh metabolism of faty acids \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 2) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} Histamine release & release when tissues are damaged and leads to vasodilation accompanying an inflammatory response \tn % Row Count 29 (+ 4) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} local physical control & temperature and myogenic response \tn % Row Count 31 (+ 2) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intrinsic (local control) (cont)}} \tn % Row 11 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Temperature & arteriolar smooth muscle tone is inversely proportional to temperature \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 12 \SetRowColor{white} Myogenic response & arteriolar smooth muscle responds to stretch by contracting \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}