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  /Title (psyc-1010-ch-1-4.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (tessasydneyy)
  /Subject (PSYC 1010 CH. 1-4 Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{PSYC 1010 CH. 1-4 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 23rd January, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FOUNDERS OF PSYCHOLOGY}}  \tn
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Wilhelm Wundt - Founded psychology as its own science, founded the first laboratory in Germany in 1879. Structuralism. & William James - FUNCTIONALISM - Argued that psychology should be studied for its purpose or function. Instead of looking at Psychology as static points like in structuralism, it should be looked at as a stream of conciousness. \tn 
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John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner - BEHVAIOURISM - Insisted you can only study things that are observable. Behaviourism shifted psychology from the study of consciousness to the study of behaviour, and stressed the importance of environment instead of heredity. Skinner argued that free will is an illusion. & Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalytic theory - emphasizes unsconcious determinants of behaviour and the importance of sexuality. Controversial in his time for his opinions on sexuality. \tn 
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Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow - HUMANISM - emphasizes unique qualities of human behaviour and how animal research can't be relevant to humans because we are so far above them. Takes an optimistic view of human nature, stressing freedom and potential for growth. & After World War 2, clinical psychology grew rapidly as a profession. Today, it includes specialties such as school psychology, industrial psychology, and counselling psychology. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FOUNDERS OF PSYCHOLOGY (cont)}}  \tn
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Several new areas of Psychology starts growing such as cognition, neuroscience, cultural influences, evolutionary psychology and positive psychology. & Research specialities include developmental psychology, social psychology, psychometrics, health psychology, etc. \tn 
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Themes related to psychology as a field of study: 1. Psychology is empirical 2. Psychology is theoretically diverse 3. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context & Themes related to Psychology's subject matter: 4. Psychology is subjective 5. Psychology is shaped by cultural heritage 6. Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior 7. Behavior is determined by multiple causes \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RESEARCH METHODS}}  \tn
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Goals of Scientific approach: Measurement and description -\textgreater{} Understanding and prediction -\textgreater{} Application and control & IV: condition manipulated \tn 
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DV: outcome of experiment to support hypothesis & Experimental group: subjects who receive special treatment \tn 
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Control group: subkects that do not receive special treatment (baseline) & Extraneous variables: factors beside IV that might affect DV \tn 
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Correlation: when two variables are related to each other & Positive variables (covary in same direction) or negative variables (covary in opposite direction) \tn 
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Naturalistic observation: careful observation with no intervention of subjects & Case study: in-depth investigation of a single participant or group \tn 
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Survey: self-reported information gathered from participants & Sampling bias - when sample is not representative of population \tn 
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placebo effect - when participants expectations lead them to experience some change & Distortions in self-report data - when social desirability bias (need for people to view them positively) and halo effect (positive feelings of something leads to positive feeling in another area) leads to varied judgement that isn't rooted in reason \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Experimenter bias - when researcher's expectations about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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