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\author{Tash23}
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  /Title (rm-reference-notes.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Tash23)
  /Subject (RM Reference Notes Cheat Sheet)
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{RM Reference Notes Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Tash23} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/187383/cs/39097/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Tash23 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/tash23} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 5th June, 2023.\\
   Updated 5th June, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\end{multicols}}




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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Data}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Categorical/Nominal} & Do not hold numerical meaning (arbitrary) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Ordinal & Rank ordering, differences not equal \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Interval & Intervals between points on a scale are equal and the same, zero is arbitrary \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Ratio & Zero is NOT arbitrary (an absence) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Experimental Designs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Balanced & each cell (each combination of factors) contain the same number of replications (how many measurements \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Complete & every level of one factor combined with every level of the other factor(s) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Incomplete & Lots of factors or many measurements (nested/block design best) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Single subject/repeated measures & Subject acts as their own control \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Ceiling effects: Test is too easy (100\%)  \newline Floor effects: Test is too hard (0\%)  \newline Learning effects: subjects improve with more trials  \newline Order effects: test order may have effect on outcome}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.09494 cm} x{3.88206 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics of Data Sets}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Data Shape & Frequency distributions are a common way to describe data shape (range of scores) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Location} & finding central tendency or middle of data \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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Spread & Variance -\textgreater{} range, SD and IQR \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Outliers} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Clustering} & e.g. bimodal distribution \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Granularity} & Data only takes on certain values (e.g. discrete data + rounded continuous) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & (e.g. discrete data + rounded continuous) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.09494 cm} x{3.88206 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Sampling}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Random & Increased ability to generalise to population \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Systematic} & Choosing subjects from a population at a regular interval (choosing every second item) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cluster & Randomly select a few schools in your sample and have all students as participants \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Convenience} & Sample used because it is accessible rather than representative of a population \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Central Limit Theorem}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{•	draw a large enough sample from the population and plot all of those sample means, our sampling distribution will approach normal \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
•	Sampling distribution uses sample means  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
•	Population mean: mean of all sample means \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
{\bf{Standard Error}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- SD of sampling distribution  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
95\% CI = sample mean +- 1.96 x SE% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.41887 cm} x{1.41887 cm} x{1.73926 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pearson's Correlation (r)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Strength & Positive & Negative \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Strong & .8 to 1 & -.8 to -1 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Moderate & .5 to .7 & -.5 to -.7 \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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Weak & 0 to .4 & 0 to -.4 \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ANOVA Variance}}  \tn
% Row 0
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 & {\bf{DF}} & {\bf{Sum of Squares}} & {\bf{Mean Sqaure}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Between Groups}} & no. groups -1 & How much data varies between different groups (variance) & Average variance between groups \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Within Groups}} & no. data points - no. of groups & How much data varies within each group (variance) & Average variance within groups \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Total & no. data points - 1 &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of ANOVAs}}  \tn
% Row 0
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One-way & 1 factor/independent variable (categorical) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Two-way & 2+ factors/IVs (categorical), interactions \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Repeated Measures & Measure the same outcome variable on the same population twice \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Each subject is now a {\emph{random factor}} (rather than fixed factors) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.32733 cm} x{2.38004 cm} x{0.86963 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{T-test Types}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Test}} & {\bf{Description}} & {\bf{DF}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1-sample (single) & Compares your experimental group with a hypothesised or known value & n-1 \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2-sample \seqsplit{(independent)} & Compares the means for two independent samples & (n1-1) + (n2-1) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Paired & measuring something for the same group of people & n-1 \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{One tailed}}: Directionless -\textgreater{} one group is different from the other group (in pos or neg direction)  \newline {\emph{Two tailed}}: Directional -\textgreater{} one group if larger or smaller than the other}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Linear Regression}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Beta & degree of change in the outcome variable for every 1 unit of change in the predictor variable \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
R-Sqaured & Fit of the model and represents how much variance in the DV can be accounted for by the IV \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Analysis of Variance & Adj SS (adjusted sum of squares) -\textgreater{} total variance of data \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - The error SS is what is left over -\textgreater{} variance that cannot be explained by other factors or variance in the model \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Predicting}} \newline {\emph{CI}}: If we repeated our experiment many times an degenerated a confidence interval each time, 95\% of those confidence interval will contain the true population value  \newline {\emph{Prediction Interval}}: Predicting future observations from the regression equation}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assumptions of Parametric Tests}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1.	Normally distributed data \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
2.	Homogeneity of variance \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
3.	Interval/ratio data \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
4.	Independence \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
{\emph{This means that you may have to use non-parametric tests when...}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
•	your data is better represented by the median (e.g. skewed data like salary or house prices), or \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
•	you have a very small sample size, or \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
•	you have ordinal (e.g. rating scales, some questionnaire results) or categorical data% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.53827 cm} x{2.43873 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parametric and Non-Parametric Equivalent Tests}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Parametric}} & {\bf{Non-Parametric}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1-sample AND paired t-test & Sign test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2-sample t-test & Mann-Whitney test \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
One-way ANOVA & Kruskal-Wallis test \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Multifactor ANOVA (two-way + repeated measures) & N/A \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
N/A & Chi-square test \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Qualitative Data}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Transcripts (e.g. interview) & Allows the researcher to ask about specific things and probe deeply \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Observation & ethnographic studies \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pictures & Pictures could be photos that the researcher has taken (drawings, rooms etc) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Documents & Many types (e.g. progress notes) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Web content & Publicly available (e.g. social media) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sampling for a Qualitative Study}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Typical Case & Average case \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Extreme case & Unusual, unique or distinct case \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Maximum Variation & Looking for the biggest range of perspectives \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Homogenous Group & Minimum variation sampling + Focus on in-depth area of interest \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stratified Purpose & Selected cases from identified subgroups (e.g. 5 people from 4 age groups) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Theoretical & Start data collection -\textgreater{} analyse results -\textgreater{} form therapy -\textgreater{} continue sampling \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Snow Ball & One respondent is asked to suggest others. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Convinience & Recruiting anyone who is at hand \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Qualitative Evidence}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Tangibly (concrete)}} & {\bf{Intangibly}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Guidelines, protocols & understanding what clients want from their clinicians \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
practice recommendations based on qual research & broaden knowledge and change behaviours \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Setting up a Qualitative Analysis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Deductive (top-down)}} & {\bf{Inductive (bottom-up)}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
coding will be influenced by the framework you're using & coding will be purely based on what the participant has said, without trying to fit it into a framework. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}