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\author{tarsrko}
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  /Title (balance-of-payments-economics-cie-a-level.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (tarsrko)
  /Subject (Balance of Payments (Economics CIE A Level) Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Balance of Payments (Economics CIE A Level) Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{tarsrko} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/146114/cs/31564/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}tarsrko \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/tarsrko} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 9th April, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{An introduction to BOP}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Definition}}  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
It records all economic transactions which take place internally and externally; it shows the inflows and outflows of money.  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
{\emph{Inflows = CR}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
{\emph{Outflows = DR}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
{\bf{Components (mainly)}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- Current Account \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- Capital Account \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
- Financial Account% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{BOP is used to analyse trade performance of a country and allow for comparison between countries.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.29735 cm} p{0.45947 cm} p{0.45947 cm} x{0.96071 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of BOP}}  \tn
% Row 0
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 & CR \$M & DR \$M & BALANCES \$M \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Current Account}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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Trade In Goods & 500 & 700 & (200) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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Trade In Services & 800 & 600 & 200 \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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Primary Income & 75 & 50 & 25 \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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Secondary Income & 10 & 25 & (15) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
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Current Account Balance &  &  & {\bf{10}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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{\bf{Capital Account}} & 80 & 75 & {\bf{5}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
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{\bf{Financial Account}} & 60 & 100 & {\bf{(40)}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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{\emph{Total}} &  &  & {\emph{(25)}} \tn 
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{\bf{Official Financing}} &  &  & {\bf{24}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 11
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{\bf{Net Errors \& Omissions}} &  &  & {\bf{1}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 12
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 &  &  & {\emph{25}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{BOP should be zero.}} \newline Current, Capital and Financial should balance each other out. \newline {\emph{Current + Capital + Financial + Balancing item = 0}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Current Account Surplus}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Defn - \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Causes - \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Consequences% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Capital Account}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It records transactions pertaining to the {\bf{transfer of ownership, acquisition and disposal of assets}}. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\emph{For example, if a government obtains a capital for construction of a college, it is recorded as an inflow of capital (CR)}}% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The difference between inflows and outflows of capital is termed as the net capital flow}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Financial Account}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It records investments made overseas by the residents of a country ({\bf{domestic ownership of foreign assets}}) and those carried out by foreigners in the country ({\bf{foreign ownership of domestic assets}})% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Official Financing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It refers to the borrowing and reserves of a country. Governments borrow from financial institutions and existing reserves. The surplus arising from these is used for payment of external debts.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Net Errors and Omissions}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It is simply a balancing item. The recording of transactions in a BOP is a very complex exercise and therefore, authorities need to cater for errors and omission that occur under this heading.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Current Account}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It records the flow of goods and services in and out of a country. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Export = inflow = CR entry \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Import = outflow = DR entry \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
The Current Account Balance is obtained from summation of Trade in Goods, Trade in Services, Primary income and Secondary income.% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Current Account Components}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1. Trade In Goods}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
It includes {\emph{the import and export of tangible items}}. The difference between the two is the Balance of Trade - either Balance of Trade deficit or surplus. Eg an Indian firm paying a Canadian firm for supplying raw materials will be recorded as a DR entry in India and CR entry in Canada. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 6)
{\bf{2. Trade In Services}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
It includes {\emph{the export and import of intangible items}} such as education, accountancy, health services. The difference between the two is the Balance of Invisible Trade. Eg a Canadian firm paying an Indian firm for accountancy services will be recorded as a DR entry in Canada and a CR entry in India.  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 7)
{\bf{3. Primary Income}} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
It covers income earned by individuals and firms.  \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
{\bf{4. Secondary Income}} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
Previously called Current Transfers,% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Unlike the BOP (which should be equal to be 0), the Current Account balance is expected to theoretically run at a surplus or deficit.  \newline  \newline When {\bf{value of inflows (CR entries)  \textgreater{} value of outflows (DR entries)}}, a Current Account {\bf{Surplus}} is recorded. \newline When {\bf{value of outflows (DR entries) \textgreater{} value of inflows (CR entries)}}, a Current Account {\bf{Deficit}} is recorded. \newline  \newline {\emph{Surplus - positive balance}} \newline {\emph{Deficit - negative balance}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}