\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
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\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{River L. (Tamaranth)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (python-basics.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (River L. (Tamaranth))
  /Subject (Python Basics Cheat Sheet)
}

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% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
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% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Python Basics Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{River L. (Tamaranth)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/42882/cs/46556/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}River L. (Tamaranth) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/tamaranth} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 15th June, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{`print` Function \& Formatting}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Syntax}}}} & {\bf{{\emph{Explanation}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`print('Hello Johnny.')` & Print string as output \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`print('Hello{\bf{\textbackslash{}n}}Johnny.')` & Print "Johnny." on a new line \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`print({\bf{f}}'Hello \{name\}.')` & {[}F-string{]} Allows inserting variables \& expressions. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`print(f'\{payment{\bf{:.2f}}\}')` & {[}Precision designator{]} Value is rounded to 2 decimal places in output \& displayed as floating-point number. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`print(f'\{number{\bf{:.2e}}\}')` & Value is rounded to 2 decimal places in output \& displayed in scientific notation. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`print(f'\{number{\bf{:,}}\}')` & {[}Comma separator{]} Displays commas in large numbers (e.g. "10,000"). \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`print(f'\{discount{\bf{:.0\%}}\}')` & Converts decimal to percent in output. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`print(f'\{number{\bf{:10}}\}')` & Sets minimum field width of 10. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
`print(f'\{number{\bf{:\textasciicircum{}}}\}')` & {\bf{\textless{}}} = left align\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{\textgreater{}}} = right align\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{\textasciicircum{}}} = center align \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{`print` Function \& Formatting (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`num = 12345.6789`\{\{nl\}\}`print(f'Num is \{num:\textgreater{}10,.2f\}')` & \{\{nobreak\}\}Example with all designators.\{\{nl\}\}Output: `Num is  12,345.68` \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Order of format designators:\{\{nl\}\}`{\emph{variable{\bf{}}:}}{[}{\emph{alignment}}{]}{[}{\emph{width}}{]}{[}{\bf{,}}{]}{[}{\bf{.}}{\emph{precision}}{]}{[}{\emph{type}}{]}`}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{if Statements}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{if}} {\emph{condition}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Loops}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\seqsplit{\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#} \newline \# {\bf{while}}: for condition-controlled loops, \newline \#   \& count-controlled loops (w/ added steps) \newline  \newline \# Basic while loop: \newline {\bf{while}} {\emph{n}} {\bf{\textless{}}} 5{\bf{:}} \newline     {\bf{print('}}Value is less than 5{\bf{')}} \newline     {\emph{n}} {\bf{+=}} 1 \newline  \newline \# Count-controlled while loop: \newline {\emph{n}} {\bf{= 0}}          \#{\emph{Initialization}} \newline {\bf{while}} {\emph{n}} {\bf{\textless{}}} 5{\bf{:}}   \#{\emph{Comparison}} \newline     {\bf{print('}}Value is less than 5{\bf{')}} \newline     {\emph{n}} {\bf{+=}} 1    \#{\emph{Update}} \newline  \newline \#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\# \newline \# {\bf{for}}: for count-controlled loops \& sequences of data \newline \#   (with or without "range") \newline  \newline {\bf{for}} {\emph{variable}} {\bf{in {[}}}{\emph{value1{\bf{}},}} {\emph{value2{\bf{}},}} {\emph{etc{\bf{}}{]}:}} \newline     {\emph{Statements}} \newline  \newline {\bf{for}} {\emph{variable}} {\bf{in range(}}{\emph{x{\bf{}},}} {\emph{y{\bf{}},}} {\emph{z{\bf{}}):}} \newline     {\emph{Statements}}   \#{\emph{Range: {\bf{x}}=start, {\bf{y}}=end, {\bf{z}}=step value}} \newline  \newline \#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\#\# \newline \# {\bf{else}} clause: (optional) for loops that  \newline \#   contain a {\bf{break}} statement \newline  \newline \# Else clause never executes because break does execute: \newline {\bf{for}} {\emph{n}} {\bf{in range(}}10{\bf{):}} \newline     {\bf{if}} {\emph{n}} {\bf{==}} 5{\bf{:}} \newline         {\bf{print('}}Breaking out of loop{\bf{')}} \newline         {\bf{break}} \newline     {\bf{print(}}{\emph{n{\bf{}})}} \newline {\bf{else:}} \newline     {\bf{print(f'}}After the loop, n is \{{\emph{n}}\}.{\bf{')}} \newline  \newline \# Else clause does execute because break never does: \newline {\bf{for}} {\emph{n}} {\bf{in range(}}3{\bf{):}} \newline     {\bf{if}} {\emph{n}} {\bf{==}} 5{\bf{:}} \newline         {\bf{print('}}Breaking out of loop{\bf{')}} \newline         {\bf{break}} \newline     {\bf{print(}}{\emph{n{\bf{}})}} \newline {\bf{else:}} \newline     {\bf{print(f'}}After the loop, n is \{{\emph{n}}\}.{\bf{')}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variables}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Assign {\bf{and}} return variable's value:\{\{nl\}\}(walrus operator) & `{\bf{print(}}{\emph{variable}} {\bf{:=}} {\emph{value{\bf{}})}}` \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Set variable from input: & `{\emph{variable}} {\bf{= input(}}{\emph{prompt{\bf{}})}}` \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Set integer variable & `{\emph{variable}} {\bf{= int(}}{\emph{expression{\bf{}})}}` \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Set float variable:\{\{nl\}\}(decimal number) & `{\emph{variable}} {\bf{= float(}}{\emph{expression{\bf{}})}}` \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Set string variable from input: & `{\emph{variable}} {\bf{= str(input(}}{\emph{prompt{\bf{}}))}}` \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Set Boolean variable:\{\{nl\}\}(true/false) & \{\{nobreak\}\}Single Line:\{\{nl\}\}`{\emph{variable}} {\bf{=}} {\emph{val1}} {\bf{if}} {\emph{condition}} {\bf{else}} {\emph{val2}}`\{\{nl\}\}Multiple Lines:\{\{nl\}\}`{\bf{if}} {\emph{condition{\bf{}}:}}`\{\{nl\}\}`\_ \_ {\emph{variable}} {\bf{=}} {\emph{val1}}`\{\{nl\}\}`{\bf{else}}`\{\{nl\}\}`\_ \_ {\emph{variable}} {\bf{=}} {\emph{val2}}`\{\{nl\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 12)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
String concatenation: & `{\bf{message = 'Hello ' + 'world'}}`\{\{nl\}\}`{\bf{print(message)}}`\{\{nl\}\}Output: `{\bf{Hello world}}` \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.08 cm} x{3.92 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Boolean Expressions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\emph{x}} {\bf{\textgreater{}}} {\emph{y}}` & {\emph{x}} is greater than {\emph{y}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\emph{x}} {\bf{\textless{}}} {\emph{y}}` & {\emph{x}} is less than {\emph{y}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\emph{x}} {\bf{\textgreater{}=}} {\emph{y}}` & {\emph{x}} is greater than or equal to {\emph{y}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\emph{x}} {\bf{\textless{}=}} {\emph{y}}` & {\emph{x}} is less than or equal to {\emph{y}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\emph{x}} {\bf{==}} {\emph{y}}` & {\emph{x}} is equal to {\emph{y}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\emph{x}} {\bf{!=}} {\emph{y}}` & {\emph{x}} is not equal to {\emph{y}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{[}{\emph{expression1}}{]} {\bf{and}} {[}{\emph{expression2}}{]}` & both expressions must be true \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`{[}{\emph{expression1}}{]} {\bf{or}} {[}{\emph{expression2}}{]}` & at least one expression must be true \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{not}} {[}{\emph{expression}}{]}` & reverses value (false=true, true=false) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Turtle Art!}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Command}}}} & {\bf{{\emph{What It Does}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{import turtle}}` & Necessary at start of program \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{turtle.done()}}` & Put at very end of program (keeps window from auto-closing) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{-{}-{}- Colors \& Sizes -{}-{}-}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{turtle.setup(}}{\emph{width{\bf{}},}} {\emph{height{\bf{}})}}` & Set window size (in pixels) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{turtle.bgcolor('}}{\emph{color{\bf{}}')}}` & Set window background color \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{turtle.pensize(}}{\emph{width{\bf{}})}}` & Set pen thickness (in pixels) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{turtle.pencolor('}}{\emph{color{\bf{}}')}}` & Set pen color \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 0)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{-{}-{}- Turtle Management -{}-{}-}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{turtle.penup()}}` & Raise pen (to move without drawing) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{turtle.pendown()}}` & Lower pen (to resume drawing) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{turtle.hideturtle()}}` & Hides turtle (does not affect drawing) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{turtle.showturtle()}}` & Displays turtle \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 0)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{-{}-{}- Input via Dialog Box -{}-{}-}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{nobreak\}\}`{\emph{var}} {\bf{= turtle.textinput ('}}{\emph{title{\bf{}}', '}}{\emph{prompt{\bf{}}')}}` & Assigns user's input to the variable as a string \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Turtle Art! (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\emph{var}} {\bf{= turtle.numinput ('}}{\emph{title{\bf{}}', '}}{\emph{prompt{\bf{}}')}}` & Assigns user's input to the variable as a float \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\}`{\emph{var}} {\bf{= turtle.numinput ('}}{\emph{t{\bf{}}', '}}{\emph{p{\bf{}}', default=}}{\emph{x{\bf{}},\{\{nl\}\} minval=}}{\emph{y{\bf{}}, maxval=}}{\emph{z{\bf{}})}}` & Optional arguments:\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{{\emph{x}}}} = default value displayed in input box\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{{\emph{y}}}} = reject any number less than {\emph{y}}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{{\emph{z}}}} = reject any number greater than {\emph{z}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 9)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 0)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{-{}-{}- Movement \& Positioning -{}-{}-}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{turtle.forward(}}{\emph{n{\bf{}})}}` & moves turtle {\emph{n}} distance in direction it's currently facing \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{turtle.setheading(}}{\emph{n{\bf{}})}}` & Set turtle's heading to a specific angle (90 is up) \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{turtle.right(}}{\emph{n{\bf{}})}}` & Turn {\emph{n}} degrees to the right \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{turtle.left(}}{\emph{n{\bf{}})}}` & Turn {\emph{n}} degrees to the left \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{turtle.goto(}}{\emph{x{\bf{}},}} {\emph{y{\bf{}})}}` & Move turtle to specific coordinates \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{turtle.pos()}}` & Displays turtle's current coordinates \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 0)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{-{}-{}- Drawing \& Writing -{}-{}-}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{turtle.fillcolor('}}{\emph{color{\bf{}}')}}` & Set color for filling shape \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Turtle Art! (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{turtle.begin\_fill()}}` & Use before drawing shape to be filled \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{turtle.end\_fill()}}` & Use after shape has been drawn \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{turtle.circle(}}{\emph{radius{\bf{}})}}` & Draw a circle with specified radius \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{turtle.dot()}}` & Draw a simple dot at current location \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{turtle.write(}}{\emph{text{\bf{}})}}` & Writes text, with lower left corner of 1st character at turtle's coordinates \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}{\bf{-{}-{}- Erasing \& Undoing -{}-{}-}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{turtle.clear()}}` & Erases all drawing, but {\bf{doesn't}} reset turtle position, pen color, or background color \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{turtle.reset()}}` & Clears/resets everything {\bf{except}} window background color \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{turtle.clearscreen()}}` & Clears/resets {\emph{everything}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}