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%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{River L. (Tamaranth)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (linux-commands-and-options.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (River L. (Tamaranth))
  /Subject (Linux Commands \& Options Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Linux Commands \& Options Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{River L. (Tamaranth)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/42882/cs/46551/}}}
\end{tabulary}
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\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}River L. (Tamaranth) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/tamaranth} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 24th June, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
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\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

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% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.128 cm} x{2.736 cm} x{2.736 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Keyboard Shortcuts}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Shortcut}}}} & {\bf{{\emph{What It Does}}}} & {\bf{{\emph{Notes}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\emph{cmd}}` {\bf{Tab Tab}} & Show all commands that start with "cmd" &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Esc}} + {\bf{.}} & Insert last argument entered & Repeat to go back to previous arguments \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Up Arrow}} & Auto-fill last command entered & Repeat to go back to previous commands \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Ctrl}}+{\bf{Arrow}} \seqsplit{(Right/Left)} & Move to beginning/end of a word &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Ctrl}}+{\bf{Shift}}+{\bf{T}} & Open new terminal tab &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Ctrl}}+{\bf{L}} & Clear terminal output &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Ctrl}}+{\bf{D}} & Logout / Exit &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Important Directories \& Files}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{nobreak\}\}\{\{width=30\}\}{\bf{{\emph{Directory/File}}}} & \{\{noshy\}\}{\bf{{\emph{(Stands For) Purpose}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{/root}} & Root user's home directory \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{/home}} & Normal users' home directories \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{/var}} & (Variables) Database locations, spool files for mail, etc. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 0)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{/usr}} & (User System Resources) System resources used by users \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
— /usr{\bf{/bin}} & (Binaries) Executables usable by normal users \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
— /usr{\bf{/sbin}} & (System Binaries) Executables only usable by root user \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
— /usr{\bf{/lib}} & 52-bit libraries \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
— /usr{\bf{/lib64}} & 64-bit libraries \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 0)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{/etc}} & (Extended Text Configurations) Config files \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
— /etc{\bf{/passwd}} & User account config files \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
— /etc{\bf{/group}} & Group membership info \& config files \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
— /etc{\bf{/shadow}} & User password info \& config files \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Important Directories \& Files (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
— /etc{\bf{/sudoers}} & Main file for sudo config \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
— /etc{\bf{/sudoers.d/}} & Destination for sudo config "dropping files" \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
— /etc{\bf{/login.defs}} & Defines default properties used for new user accounts \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{`vim` Editor Controls}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}{\bf{-{}-{}- Command Mode -{}-{}-}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{o}} & Starts new line {\bf{and}} switches to Insert mode \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{cw}} & "Change word" - deletes word {\bf{and}} switches to Insert mode \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{G}} & Go to end of file \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{dd}} & Delete {\bf{or cut}} entire line \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{yy}} & Copy entire line \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{p}} & Paste copied text \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{x}} & Delete character cursor is on top of \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{dw}} & Delete word cursor is on top of \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{d\$}} & Delete from cursor to end of line \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ZZ}} & Save \& quit (existing files) \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}{\bf{-{}-{}- Extended Command Mode -{}-{}-}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{nobreak\}\}{\bf{:w}} {\emph{filename}} & Save (new files) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{:wq}} & Save \& quit (existing files) \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.356 cm} x{2.66 cm} x{2.584 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Users \& Groups}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Command}}}} & {\bf{{\emph{Options}}}} & \{\{width=60\}\}{\bf{{\emph{What It Does}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{id}} {\emph{user1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Show UID, GID, \& secondary groups\{\{nl\}\}(current user if not specified) &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{getent passwd}} {\emph{usr1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Find out if usr1 is known to the system &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{rowspan=2\}\}`{\bf{useradd}} {\emph{user1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Add a new user &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-u}} {\emph{\#}}` & set a specific UID \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{nobreak\}\}`{\bf{-s /sbin/nologin}}` & create a user without a login shell \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=6\}\}`{\bf{usermod}} {\emph{user1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Change properties of existing user &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-c "}}{\emph{text{\bf{}}"}}` & adds text to comment field \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-g}} {\emph{group1}}` & changes {\bf{primary group}} to group1 \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.356 cm} x{2.66 cm} x{2.584 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Users \& Groups (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-G}} {\emph{group1}}` & {\bf{replaces}} \seqsplit{supplementary} group with group1 \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-aG}} {\emph{group1}}` & {\bf{appends}} group1 to \seqsplit{supplementary} groups \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-L}} {\emph{user1}}` & locks user1's account (instead of deleting) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{newgrp}} {\emph{group1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Change current user's primary group\{\{nl\}\}({\bf{temporary}}; current session only) &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=2\}\}`{\bf{userdel}} {\emph{user1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Deletes user1 but {\bf{not}} their home directory &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-r}}` & deletes both user {\bf{and}} home directory \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{groups}} {\emph{user1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Displays simple list of groups user1 is a member of &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.356 cm} x{2.66 cm} x{2.584 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Users \& Groups (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{passwd}} {\emph{user1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Set password for user1 &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{rowspan=7\}\}`{\bf{chage}} {\emph{user1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Change password aging properties for user &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-m}} {\emph{days}}` & minimum \# of days between password changes \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-M}} {\emph{days}}` & maximum \# of days between password changes \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-W}} {\emph{days}}` & warning period before password expires \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-I}} {\emph{days}}` & inactivity period (password usable after expiration) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-d 0}}` & require password change on next login \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-E}} {\emph{date}}` & date when {\bf{account}} expires \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{nobreak\}\}`{\bf{getent group}} {\emph{grp1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Find out if grp1 is known to the system &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.356 cm} x{2.66 cm} x{2.584 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Users \& Groups (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=3\}\}`{\bf{groupadd}} {\emph{group1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Create a new group &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-g}} {\emph{\#}}` & set a specific GID \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-r}}` & create a {\bf{system}} group \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{rowspan=2\}\}`{\bf{groupmod}} {\emph{group1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Change properties of existing group &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-g}} {\emph{\#}}` & change GID to specified number \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{To set the number of days from today when user's {\bf{account}} expires: \newline `{\bf{chage -E \$(date +}}{\emph{days}} {\bf{\%Y-\%m-\%d)}}` \newline  \newline To give full admin privileges to a user or group: \newline `{\bf{echo "}}{[}{\emph{user1}}|{\bf{\%}}{\emph{group1}}{]} {\bf{ALL=(ALL) ALL" \textgreater{}\textgreater{} /etc/sudoers.d/}}{\emph{name}}`}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.204 cm} x{2.66 cm} x{2.736 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Managing Processes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=3\}\}`{\bf{w}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Displays currently logged-in users, login method, time, \& resource usage info & \{\{width=80\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-{}-from}}` & shows users' IP addresses\{\{nl\}\}(in addition to regular output) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-u}} {\emph{username}}` & limits output to specified username \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\emph{command}} {\bf{\&}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Starts a new job in the background &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{jobs}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Displays jobs running in the background\{\{nl\}\}("{\bf{+}}" = default job) &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{fg \%}}{\emph{1}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Brings job 1 to the foreground &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{bg \%}}{\emph{1}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Sends job 1 to the background &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.204 cm} x{2.66 cm} x{2.736 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Managing Processes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{pidof}} {\emph{command}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Returns the PID(s) of a currently running job &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{systemctl status}} {\emph{cmd}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Shows main PID of a process, among other things\{\{nl\}\}(can use if `pidof` returns multiple) &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=3\}\}{\bf{-{}-{}- CPU Load Handling -{}-{}-}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{uptime}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Displays the load average for the last 1, 5, and 15 mins &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=2\}\}`{\bf{lscpu}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Displays number of CPUs in the system, among other things &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-p}}` & simplified output\{\{nl\}\}(each row of numbers = 1 CPU) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=3\}\}{\bf{-{}-{}- Viewing \& Managing Processes -{}-{}-}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.204 cm} x{2.66 cm} x{2.736 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Managing Processes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=5\}\}`{\bf{ps}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Shows info about processes; pipe to \seqsplit{`head`/`grep`/etc} for less output\{\{nl\}\}("{\bf{{[}}}`{\emph{output}}`{\bf{{]}}}" = kernel thread) &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{aux}}` &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{lax}}` &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-ef}}` &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{nobreak\}\}`{\bf{-{}-forest}}` & shows output in visual "tree" format \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{rowspan=2\}\}`{\bf{pstree}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Shows processes in visual tree format\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{(may not always be installed)}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-p}}` & includes PIDs in tree output \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 0)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=5\}\}`{\bf{top}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Linux's in-terminal equivalent of Task Manager\{\{nl\}\}(Also shows load average)\{\{nl\}\}Keyboard Controls: &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.204 cm} x{2.66 cm} x{2.736 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Managing Processes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{k}} & send a signal to a process from within `top` \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Shift}}+{\bf{M}} & sort by memory usage \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Shift}}+{\bf{P}} & return to sorting by CPU usage \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{l}} / {\bf{t}} / {\bf{m}} & toggle "load", "threads", \& "memory" header lines \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=3\}\}`{\bf{kill}} {\emph{PID}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Sends signal 15 to specified process\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{*}} {\emph{Must use process ID}} {\bf{*}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-}}{\emph{signal}}` & sends specified signal\{\{nl\}\}(can use signal name or number) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-l}}` & displays list of signal options \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{killall}} {\emph{process}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Kills processes by name instead of PID &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.204 cm} x{2.66 cm} x{2.736 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Managing Processes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=4\}\}`{\bf{pkill}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Look up \& manage processes by name or other attributes\{\{nl\}\}(default is signal 15) &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-}}{\emph{signal}}` & specify signal to send \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-u}} {\emph{username}}` & sends signal to user's account\{\{nl\}\}(forces logout \& shuts down their processes) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-t}} {\emph{pts/22}}` & kills specified terminal session (TTY) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 0)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{nice -n}} {\emph{x command}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Starts a {\bf{new}} process with an adjusted priority value ({\emph{x}})\{\{nl\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{renice -n}} {\emph{x}} {\bf{-p}} {\emph{PID}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Change the priority value ({\emph{x}}) of an {\bf{existing}} process &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{Process Priority Values: {\bf{-20}} to {\bf{19}} (default = {\bf{0}}) \newline {\emph{({\bf{negative}} = {\bf{higher}} priority}} | {\bf{{\emph{positive}} = {\bf{lower}} priority)}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SSH}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{nobreak\}\}\{\{rowspan=6\}\}`{\bf{ssh}} {\emph{user{\bf{}}@}}{\emph{ip.addr}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Start ssh connection &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-v}}` & verbose; shows in detail what's happening while establishing connection \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-Y}}` & enables graphical application support \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-p}} {\emph{port\#}}` & connect to ssh service not listening on default port 22 \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-i}} {\emph{keyfile}}` & reads private key from identity file for public key authentication\{\{nl\}\}(not part of lecture; added from Google search when it came up in the quiz) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SSH (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{nobreak\}\}`{\bf{-o}} {\emph{option}} {\emph{dest\_server}}`\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Example:\{\{nl\}\}`PreferredAuthenti\{\{nl\}\}cations=password` & configures options when connecting to specified destination\{\{nl\}\}(Example: require a password; can use commas to specify multiple) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 0)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=2\}\}`{\bf{ssh-keygen}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Generates a \seqsplit{public/private} key pair &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-N}} '' {\bf{-f}} {\emph{filename}}` & generates key pair without extra prompts\{\{nl\}\}(`''` = no passphrase; `-f` specifies non-default file location) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 9)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 0)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{rowspan=2\}\}`{\bf{ssh-copy-id}} {\emph{user@server}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Installs public key on destination server &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-i}} {\emph{filepath}}` & specifies which public key to install \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SSH (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.824 cm} x{2.888 cm} x{2.888 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Wildcards \& Shortcuts}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{nobreak\}\}{\bf{{\emph{Wildcard}}}} & {\bf{{\emph{What It Represents}}}} & {\bf{{\emph{Example}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{\textasciitilde{}}}` & Current user's home directory &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{.}}` & The directory you're currently in &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{..}}` & Parent directory of your current directory &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{*}}` & All files in current directory & `{\bf{ls i}}*` = all files starting with "i" \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{?}}` & "Any character" & `{\bf{f??e}}` matches anything with 4 characters that starts with "f" \& ends with "e" \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{{[}}}{\emph{aou{\bf{}}{]}}}` & Match to any {\bf{one}} of the enclosed characters & `{\bf{c{[}aou{]}t}}` matches to "cat", "cot", and "cut" \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{!!}}` & "Last command run" (inserts into current command) & `{\bf{sudo !!}}` = rerun command as root \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{\textasciicircum{}}}{\emph{x{\bf{}}\textasciicircum{}}}{\emph{y}}` & Rerun last command but replace {\emph{x}} with {\emph{y}} & `{\bf{ls /usr}}` followed by `{\bf{\textasciicircum{}usr\textasciicircum{}tmp}}` will run `{\bf{ls /tmp}}` \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.824 cm} x{2.888 cm} x{2.888 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Wildcards \& Shortcuts (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{!3}}` & Rerun 3rd command from command history &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{!ls}}` & Runs most recent command from history that had "ls" in it &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.72 cm} x{5.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Command Redirection}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{\textless{}}}` & Gets input from somewhere other than stdin (keyboard) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{\textgreater{}}}` & Sends output somewhere other than stdout (monitor) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{1\textgreater{}}}` & Alternative to "\textgreater{}" (not really used) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{\textgreater{}\textgreater{}}}` & Redirects stdout; {\bf{appends}} it to existing content (instead of overwriting it) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{2\textgreater{}}}` & Redirects only error messages (stderr) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{\&\textgreater{}}}` & Redirects both stdout and stderr \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\emph{cmd1}} {\bf{|}} {\emph{cmd2}}` & Pipes {\emph{cmd1}} into {\emph{cmd2}}\{\{nl\}\}(uses the {\bf{output}} of cmd1 as the {\bf{input}} for cmd2) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic File/Directory Commands}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=5\}\}`{\bf{ls}} {\emph{dir1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}List contents of dir1 &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-l}}` & additional info (owner, perms, etc.) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-a}}` & lists all, including hidden files \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-i}}` & adds file inode to info displayed \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-d}}` & info for directory itself (rather than its contents) \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{rowspan=3\}\}`{\bf{mkdir}} {\emph{dir1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Create a new directory &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-p}}` & creates full path (multiple directories if needed) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-v}}` & verbose (output shows action taken) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=3\}\}`{\bf{cp}} {\emph{dir1 dir2}}` &  & \{\{colspan=2\}\}Copy dir1 into dir2 \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic File/Directory Commands (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-r}}` & recursively ("and its contents") \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 0)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=3\}\}`{\bf{rm}} {\emph{dir1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Removes (deletes) an empty directory &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-r}}` & recursively ("and it's contents"), including special files \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 0)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{rowspan=3\}\}`{\bf{mv}} {\emph{file1}} {\emph{dir1}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Move file1 into dir1 &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{-v}}` & verbose (output shows action taken) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 0)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{nobreak\}\}\{\{rowspan=2\}\}`{\bf{ln}} {\emph{target}} {\emph{link}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Creates a hard link from file "link" to file "target" &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-s}}` & makes a symbolic link instead of a hard link \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ownership \& Permissions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{chown}} {\emph{user{\bf{}}:}}{\emph{group}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Change owning user {\bf{and}} owning group & \{\{width=80\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{chown :}}{\emph{group}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Change only owning group &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{chgrp}} {\emph{group file}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Alternate way to change owning group &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{nobreak\}\}\{\{rowspan=6\}\}`{\bf{chmod}} {[}{\emph{perms}}{]} {\emph{file}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Change \seqsplit{file/directory} permissions &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{-R}}` & recursive; applies to directory and all contents \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{g+r}}` & grants owning {\bf{g}}roup the {\bf{r}}ead permission \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{a-x}}` & removes e{\bf{x}}ecute perms for {\bf{a}}ll parties (without changing other perms) \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ownership \& Permissions (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{nobreak\}\}`{\bf{-R a=rwX}}` & recursively set perms for {\bf{a}}ll parties to {\bf{rw}}, with {\bf{x}} perms on directory {\bf{only}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{770}}` & octally set rwx perms for owning user \& group, 0 for other \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=8\}\}`{\bf{chmod}} {[}{\emph{perms}}{]} {\emph{file}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}(cont'd) Change special permissions &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{o+t}} {\emph{dir}}` & set S{\bf{t}}icky bit (in {\bf{o}}ther)\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{*}} {\emph{For directories only}} {\bf{*}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{1}}{\emph{xxx}}` & set Sticky bit – octal form\{\{nl\}\}({\emph{xxx}} = regular perms) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{g+s}} {\emph{dir/file}}` & set {\bf{S}}etGID bit (in {\bf{g}}roup)\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{*}} {\emph{For directories and files}} {\bf{*}} \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ownership \& Permissions (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{2}}{\emph{xxx}}` & set SetGID bit – octal form \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{3}}{\emph{xxx}}` & set {\bf{both}} Sticky \& SetGID bits\{\{nl\}\}(chmod "1"+"2") \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{u+s}} {\emph{file}}` & set {\bf{S}}etUID bit (in {\bf{u}}ser)\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{*}} {\emph{For files only}} {\bf{*}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{4}}{\emph{xxx}}` & set SetUID bit – octal form \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 0)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{rowspan=3\}\}`{\bf{umask}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Displays currently set umask\{\{nl\}\}(when used by itself) &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{077}}` & removes default perms\{\{nl\}\}(0 from user, 7 from group/other) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{0077}}` & preserves any special perms when removing defaults \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{Octal Expression Values: {\bf{r}}={\bf{4}} | {\bf{w}}={\bf{2}} | {\bf{x}}={\bf{1}} \newline  \newline Default permissions (on vanilla Linux): \newline {\bf{directories}}={\bf{777}} | {\bf{files}}={\bf{666}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.824 cm} x{2.204 cm} x{3.572 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Process States \& Signals}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Running & `{\bf{R}}` & currently using CPU \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Runnable & `{\bf{R}}` & queued \& waiting for CPU time \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=4\}\}Sleeping & `{\bf{S}}` & defined (has PID) but not requesting CPU time \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{nobreak\}\}`{\bf{I}}` (idle) & not counted when calculating load \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{D}}` & {\emph{(not yet addressed)}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{K}}` & {\emph{(not yet addressed)}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 0)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Stopped & `{\bf{T}}` & defined (has PID) but prevented from getting CPU cycles \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=3\}\}{\bf{-{}-{}- Signals -{}-{}-}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{1) SIGHUP}}` & Hang Up & toss current config file in memory \& reload it from the file system \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{9) SIGKILL}}` & \{\{nobreak\}\}Kill it dead! & immediately end process that isn't responding to "terminate" signal \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{15) SIGTERM}}` & Terminate & shut down process\{\{nl\}\}(default used by `kill`) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.824 cm} x{2.204 cm} x{3.572 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Process States \& Signals (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{18) SIGCONT}}` & Continue\{\{nl\}\}("unstop") & resume allowing process to get CPU time \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{19) SIGSTOP}}` & Stop & suspend process \& prevent from getting CPU time \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Managing Services \& Daemons}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}{\bf{-{}-{}- System Commands -{}-{}-}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{systemctl reboot}}` & reboots the system \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{systemctl daemon-reload}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}tells systemd you've made changes to a unit file \& it needs to reinitialize those unit files \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{systemctl get-default}}` & shows which target is the default target that the system summons whenever it starts up \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{systemctl set-default}} {\emph{graphical.target}}` & sets default target to "graphical.target" \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}{\bf{-{}-{}- Unit Commands -{}-{}-}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{systemctl list-units}}` & shows all the active \& loaded units on the system \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{ar\}\}`{\bf{-t}} {\emph{type}}` & filters output by specified type of unit \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\}`{\bf{-a}}` & shows all units known to systemd\{\{nl\}\}(including "inactive" \& "not-found") \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{systemctl status}} {\emph{unit}}` & shows status \& details of specified unit (including location of unit files) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Managing Services \& Daemons (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{systemctl is-enabled}} {\emph{unit.service}}` & shows whether the service is enabled\{\{nl\}\}(i.e. will start automatically on system boot) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{systemctl is-active}} {\emph{unit.service}}` & shows whether the service is active \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{systemctl enable -{}-now}} {\emph{unit.service}}` & enables the service \& start it immediately (sets "enable" persistently) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{systemctl disable -{}-now}} {\emph{unit}}` & stops service immediately \& sets to "disabled" persistently \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{systemctl reload}} {\emph{unit}}` & sends the "hang up" signal; drops config file loaded in memory \& reload it from file system \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{systemctl restart}} {\emph{unit}}` & kills the process \& starts it up again fresh\{\{nl\}\}(main PID will change) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{systemctl reload-or-restart}} {\emph{unit}}` & reloads if possible, otherwise restart\{\{nl\}\}(for when you don't know if unit supports reload) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{nobreak\}\}`{\bf{systemctl list-dependencies}} {\emph{unit.service}}` & \{\{colspan=2\}\}shows list of units required by {\emph{unit.service}} for it to work \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Managing Services \& Daemons (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{ar\}\}`{\bf{-{}-reverse}}` & shows units that call {\emph{unit.service}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{systemctl mask}} {\emph{unit}}` & prevents unit from being started automatically {\bf{or}} manually\{\{nl\}\}(not even via `enable -{}-now` command) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{systemctl unmask}} {\emph{unit}}` & undoes masking on a service \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Network Info Commands}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{ip -br addr}}` & shows current IP \& netmask for all interfaces \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{ip link show}}` & link-level properties of all interfaces (MAC addresses, etc.) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{ip address show}}` & equivalent of `ipconfig`\{\{nl\}\}(same info as `link show`, plus IP addresses) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{ip a s}}` & abbreviated form of `ip address show` \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{ip route show}}` & shows default route \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{ip r s}}` & abbreviated form of `ip route show` \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{ping}}` | `{\bf{ping6}}` & IPv4 ping | IPv6 ping \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{nobreak\}\}`{\bf{tracepath}}` | `{\bf{tracepath6}}` & equivalent of \seqsplit{`tracert`/`traceroute`} | IPv6 version \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{mtr}} {\emph{address}}` & "My traceroute" program; gives extra info \& continuous running stats \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{nmap -sS}} {\emph{host}}` & scans ports on host; shows port number/type, open state, associated service, etc. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Network Info Commands (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{ss}}` & {\bf{s}}ockets {\bf{s}}tate information \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{ss -p}}` & {\bf{p}}rocesses responsible for opening ports \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{ss -l}}` & {\bf{l}}istening sockets \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{ss -u}}` & {\bf{U}}DP sockets \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{ss -n}}` & translates names to {\bf{n}}umbers\{\{nl\}\}(e.g. both process name \& PID) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{ss -t}}` & {\bf{T}}CP sockets \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.672 cm} x{2.964 cm} x{2.964 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Misc. Commands}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{whatis}} {\emph{command}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Displays a short, one-line summary of what the command does &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{echo}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Creates output (equivalent of `print` in Python) &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{rowspan=4\}\}`{\bf{date}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Displaying, setting, calculating...\{\{nl\}\}basically all things date-related & \{\{width=80\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{+\%F}}` & display current date in international format (YYYY-mm-dd) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & `{\bf{+\%R}}` & display current time (24-hr clock) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & `{\bf{+\%s}}` & display \# of seconds since epoch \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 0)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{tmux}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Splits terminal window into multiple separate panes\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{{\emph{(I think)}}}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.672 cm} x{2.964 cm} x{2.964 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Misc. Commands (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{gnome-characters}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Opens window of gnome icons/emotes &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
`{\bf{gnome-calculator}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Opens built-in calculator (like Windows) &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`{\bf{sleep}} {\emph{seconds}}` & \{\{ac\}\}\{\{colspan=2\}\}Waits \& does nothing for specified time &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}