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% Document Info
\author{Taalithaa (Taalithaa)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-module-5-4.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Taalithaa (Taalithaa))
  /Subject (Biology - Module 5.4 Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology - Module 5.4 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Taalithaa (Taalithaa)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/183017/cs/40288/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Taalithaa (Taalithaa) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/taalithaa} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 3rd October, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The nervous system and the endocrine system}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{organisms must respond to internal and external enviromental changes for survival} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{organisms may respond to enviromental changes using either the {\bf{nervous system}} or the {\bf{endocrine system}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{the nervous system}} \{\{nl\}\} - uses electrical impulses sent through neurons \{\{nl\}\} - transfer signals locally between synapses using neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{the endocrine system}} \{\{nl\}\} - uses hormones sent through the blood stream \{\{nl\}\} - transfer signals aross large distances} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{thse communications (function of cells, organs and system) must be coordinated to operate effectively and maintain homeostasis} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{coordination in animals}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{internal changes may include}}  \{\{nl\}\} - core temperature \{\{nl\}\} - blood glucose concentration \{\{nl\}\} - water potential \{\{nl\}\} - cell pH} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{external changes may include}} \{\{nl\}\} - environmental temperature \{\{nl\}\} - touching something hot \{\{nl\}\} - light intensity} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{the importance of coordination in animals}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{the communications (function of cells, organs and system) must be coordinated to operate effectively and maintain homeostasis} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{coordination in plants}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{plants dont have a nervous system however, they still must respond to changes in internal and external enviromental changes so therefore, they must communicate with hormones} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{internal changes may include}} \{\{nl\}\} - water potential of cells \{\{nl\}\} nutrient levels} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{external changes may include}} \{\{nl\}\} - water availability \{\{nl\}\} - nutrient availability \{\{nl\}\} - soil pH \{\{nl\}\} - light intensity \{\{nl\}\} - temperature \{\{nl\}\} - oxygen levels} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{A {\bf{neuron}} is a specialised cell in the nervous system that is the basic building block of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Neurons are responsible for transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals, allowing the body to respond to stimuli.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{structure of the neuron}} \{\{border=1\}\} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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\{\{ac\}\} {\bf{feature}} & {\bf{structure}} \{\{ac\}\} & {\bf{function}} \{\{ac\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
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soma \{\{border=1\}\} & - the soma is the body of the cell which contains the nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm with lots of ER and mitochondria \{\{border=1\}\} & synthesise \seqsplit{neurotransmitters} \{\{border=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 10)
% Row 4
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dendron \{\{border=1\}\} & - short extentions coming from the soma which branch out into dendrites \{\{border=1\}\} & transmit electrical impulses towards the soma \{\{border=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
axon \{\{border=1\}\} & - single elongated nerve fibres that vary in length \{\{nl\}\} - narrow region of the cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane \{\{border=1\}\} & transmit electrical impulses away from the soma \{\{border=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 10)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons (cont)}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{myelinated} sheath \{\{border=1\}\} & - the myelinated sheath is made of schwann cells which are lipids and is sometimes found wrapped about 20 times around the dendron and axon \{\{border=1\}\} & used for electrical insulation of the neuron \{\{nl\}\} allows the electrical impuls to trasnmit faster as it can perform slatatory conduction \{\{border=1\}\} \tn 
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nodes of ranvier \{\{border=1\}\} & - gaps between the schwann cells \{\{border=1\}\} & areas that arent electrically insulated so the electrical impulse can jump from node to node \{\{border=1\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{there are 3 types of neuron...}} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{1. sensory neuron \{\{nl\}\} - the sensory neuron carries the action potntial from the sensory receptor to the relay neuron in the CNS (brain and spinal cord) \{\{nl\}\} - the sensory neuron has the soma in the middle between the dendron and axon. \{\{nl\}\} - the sensory neuron has a dendron} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{2. motor neuron \{\{nl\}\} - the motor neuron carries the action potential from the relay neuron in the CNS to the effector (muscle or gland) \{\{nl\}\} - the motor neuron has the soma at the end of the neuron \{\{nl\}\} - the motor neuron has no dendron - the dendrites connect directly to the soma} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 6)
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.052 cm} x{2.812 cm} x{2.736 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{3. relay neuron \{\{nl\}\} - the relay neuron is found in the CNS an carries the action potential from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron \{\{nl\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{saltatory conduction }} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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% Row 13
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{only some neurons have myleinated sheaths. the neurons which do are used for rapid rections because they can then peform saltatory conduction - saltatory conduction is the process by which the electrical impulse jumps from node to node to produce a quick reaction as the elctrical impulse doesn't have to pass through the whole neuron. unmyelinated neurons are used for rsponses that don't have to be immediate such as digestion.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 9)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{other fators that affect the speed of action potentials are...}} \{\{ac\}\} \{\{border=1\}\}} \tn 
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% Row 15
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{\bf{factor}} \{\{ac\}\} \{\{border=1\}\} & {\bf{why?}} \{\{ac\}\}\{\{border=1\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 16
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axon diameter \{\{border=1\}\} & wider axons cause faster action potential since there is less resitance of flow for ions \{\{border=1\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 8)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{temperature} \{\{border=1\}\} & as temperature increases ions diffuse faster meaning that the action potential is faster \{\{border=1\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}